Edgar Filing: Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc

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JAZZ 12.31.2014 10K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)



ý	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014



¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-33500

JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Ireland		98-1032470
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Fourth Floor, Connaught House,

One Burlington Road, Dublin 4, Ireland

011-353-1-634-7800

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class		Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary shares, nominal value $0.0001 per share		The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No ¨

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No ý

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, as of June 30, 2014, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $8,420,403,204 based upon the last sale price reported for the registrant’s ordinary shares on such date on The NASDAQ Global Select Market. The calculation of the aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity excludes 2,311,701 ordinary shares of the registrant held by executive officers, directors and shareholders that the registrant concluded were affiliates of the registrant on that date. Exclusion of such shares should not be construed to indicate that any such person possesses the power, direct or indirect, to direct or cause the direction of the management or policies of the registrant or that such person is controlled by or under common control with the registrant.

As of February 18, 2015, a total of 60,657,182 ordinary shares, nominal value $0.0001 per share, of the registrant were outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the 2015 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K are incorporated by reference in Part III, Items 10-14 of this Form 10-K.

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JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PLC

2014 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

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		Page

PART I

Item 1.	Business	3
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	30
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	69
Item 2.	Properties	69
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	69
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	72

PART II

Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	73
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	76
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	79
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	101
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	102
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	103
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	103
Item 9B.	Other Information	105

PART III

Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	105
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	105
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	105
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	105
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	106

PART IV

Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	106
Signatures		112

We own or have rights to various copyrights, trademarks, and trade names used in our business in the United States and/or other countries, including the following: Jazz Pharmaceuticals^®, Xyrem^® (sodium oxybate) oral solution, Xyrem Success Program^®, Erwinaze^® (asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi), Erwinase^®, Defitelio^® (defibrotide), Prialt^® (ziconotide) intrathecal infusion, FazaClo^® (clozapine, USP), Versacloz^® (clozapine) oral suspension, Leukotac^TM (inolimomab) and ProstaScint^® (capromab pendetide). This report also includes trademarks, service marks, and trade names of other companies. Service marks, trademarks and trade names appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of their respective owners.

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are subject to the “safe harbor” created by those sections. Forward-looking statements are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “project,” “predict,” “propose,” “intend,” “continue,” “potential,” “possible,” “foreseeable,” “likely,” “unforeseen” and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance, time frames or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, time frames or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We discuss many of these risks, uncertainties and other factors in this Annual Report on

Form 10-K in greater detail under the heading “Risk Factors.” Given these risks, uncertainties and other factors, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Also, these forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this filing. You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We hereby qualify our forward-looking statements by our cautionary statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update our forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons that actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

NOTE REGARDING COMPANY REFERENCE

In this report, unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references to “Jazz Pharmaceuticals,” “the registrant,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc and its consolidated subsidiaries, except when the context makes clear that the time period being referenced is prior to January 18, 2012, in which case such terms are references to Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. On January 18, 2012, the businesses of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Azur Pharma Public Limited Company, or Azur Pharma, were combined in a merger transaction, or the Azur Merger, in connection with which Azur Pharma was re-named Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc and we became the parent company of and successor to Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc., with Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. becoming our wholly-owned subsidiary. Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was treated as the acquiring company in the Azur Merger for accounting purposes, and as a result, the historical consolidated financial statements of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. became our consolidated financial statements.

PART I



Item 1.	Business

Overview

Our strategy is to create shareholder value by:


•	Growing sales of the existing products in our portfolio, including by identifying new growth opportunities;


•	Acquiring additional differentiated products that are on the market or product candidates that are in late-stage development; and


•	Pursuing focused development of a pipeline of post-discovery differentiated product candidates.

We have made substantial progress in the execution of our strategy. We have a diverse portfolio of products and product candidates, with a focus in the areas of sleep and hematology/oncology.

Our lead marketed products are:


•	Xyrem^® (sodium oxybate) oral solution, the only product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for the treatment of both cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness, or EDS, in patients with narcolepsy;


•	Erwinaze^® (asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi), a treatment approved in the United States and in certain markets in Europe (where it is marketed as Erwinase^®) for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or ALL, who have developed hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase; and


•	Defitelio^®(defibrotide), a product approved in Europe for the treatment of severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease, or VOD, in adults and children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or HSCT, therapy.

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Our research and development activities include clinical development of new product candidates, line extensions for existing products and the generation of additional clinical data for existing products. A summary of our development pipeline activities is provided below:



Project	Disease Area	Status
Sleep
JZP-110	EDS in narcolepsy	Expect to initiate a Phase 3 clinical trial in the second quarter of 2015
	EDS in obstructive sleep apnea, or OSA	Expect to initiate two Phase 3 clinical trials in the second quarter of 2015
JZP-386	EDS in narcolepsy	Phase 1 clinical trial in progress; expect additional data in the second quarter of 2015
Xyrem	Cataplexy in narcolepsy in children and adolescents	Phase 3 clinical trial initiated in the fourth quarter of 2014
Hematology/Oncology
Defibrotide	Severe VOD	Rolling new drug application, or NDA, submission initiated in the United States in December 2014; expect to complete the submission in mid-2015
Erwinaze	ALL in young adult population	Pharmacokinetic study in Phase 2 initiated in the second quarter of 2014
JZP-416	ALL	Phase 1 clinical trial in Europe completed; enrollment suspended in pivotal Phase 2 clinical trial in North America in first quarter of 2015
Leukotac^TM	Steroid refractory acute graft vs. host disease, or GvHD	Phase 3 clinical trial enrollment complete; expect preliminary data in mid-2015

Our Products

Xyrem^® (sodium oxybate) oral solution

Xyrem is the only treatment approved by the FDA for both EDS and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy. Sodium oxybate, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in Xyrem, is a formulation of the sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous neurotransmitter and metabolite of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Xyrem was approved in the United States for the treatment of cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy in 2002 and was approved for EDS in patients with narcolepsy in 2005. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommended Xyrem as a standard of care for the treatment of both EDS and cataplexy associated with narcolepsy.

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder caused by a loss of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter hypocretin (also known as orexin), which is hypothesized to stabilize sleep-wake states. The primary symptoms of narcolepsy include EDS, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnogogic hallucinations and disrupted nighttime sleep. EDS is an essential symptom of narcolepsy, is present in all narcolepsy patients and is characterized by chronic, pervasive sleepiness as well as sudden irresistible and overwhelming urges to sleep (inadvertent naps and sleep attacks). Cataplexy, the sudden loss of muscle tone, can be one of the most debilitating symptoms of narcolepsy. Cataplexy is present in approximately 70% of patients with narcolepsy. Cataplexy can range from slight weakness or a drooping of facial muscles to the complete loss of muscle tone resulting in postural collapse. It may also impair a patient’s vision or speech. Cataplexy is often triggered by strong emotions such as laughter, anger or surprise. Cataplexy can severely impair a patient’s quality of life and ability to function.

Narcolepsy may affect many areas of life, including limiting a patient’s education and employment opportunities and leading to driving or machinery accidents or difficulties at work resulting in disability or job dismissal. Patients with narcolepsy may also suffer from significant medical comorbidities, including social anxiety disorder, OSA, bipolar disorder, depression, hypercholesterolaemia, diseases of the digestive system, cardiovascular diseases, upper respiratory tract diseases and hypertension.

It is estimated that narcolepsy affects approximately 1 in 2,000 people in the United States, or approximately 160,000 people in 2014. Less than half of those people have been definitively diagnosed with narcolepsy. In the fourth quarter of 2014, the average number of patients in the United States receiving Xyrem treatment was approximately 12,250 patients, and we believe that there are significantly more patients with narcolepsy and cataplexy and/or EDS who might benefit from treatment with Xyrem. In an effort to reach more patients, we have implemented a number of initiatives including increased outreach to prescribers who treat narcolepsy and physician/healthcare provider disease education programs.

In 2014, net product sales of Xyrem were $778.6 million, which represented 67.0% of our total net product sales.

We promote Xyrem in the United States through a specialty sales force of approximately 100 sales professionals dedicated to Xyrem. Our marketing, sales and distribution of Xyrem are subject to a risk management and controlled distribution system, or Xyrem Risk Management Program, which was required in conjunction with Xyrem’s approval by the

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FDA to ensure the safe distribution of Xyrem and minimize the risk of misuse, abuse and diversion of sodium oxybate. The Xyrem Risk Management Program includes a number of elements including patient and physician education, a database of information so that we may track and report certain information, and the use of a single central pharmacy to distribute Xyrem.

Under our current Xyrem Risk Management Program, all of the Xyrem sold in the United States must be dispensed and shipped directly to patients through a single central pharmacy, Express Scripts Specialty Distribution Services and its affiliate CuraScript, Inc., or ESSDS. Xyrem may not be stocked in retail pharmacies. Physicians and patients must enroll in the Xyrem Success Program^®, which is part of our Xyrem Risk Management Program, prior to fulfillment of Xyrem prescriptions. Each physician and patient receives materials concerning the risks and benefits of Xyrem before the physician can prescribe, or a patient can receive, the product. Whenever a prescription is received by the central pharmacy, the central pharmacy verifies the prescription and must speak with the patient before each prescription of Xyrem is filled and sent to the patient. The central pharmacy ships the product directly to the patient by a courier service, and the patient or his/her designee signs for the package. The initial shipment may only be for up to a one-month supply, and refill orders may only be for up to a three-month supply.

Pursuant to our agreement, ESSDS exclusively distributes Xyrem in the United States and provides customer support services related to the sales and marketing of Xyrem. For example, ESSDS provides reimbursement support to patients by coordinating insurance coverage for Xyrem, and as applicable, referring qualified patients to various patient savings or assistance programs. Our agreement with ESSDS, which has been in effect since July 2002, expires on June 30, 2015, subject to automatic two-year extensions unless either party provides notice to the other of its intent to terminate the agreement not less than 120 days before the end of the then current term. We do not intend to exercise our termination right, and ESSDS has informed us that it does not intend to exercise its termination right, in connection with the expiration of the current term. Under the agreement, we own all of the standard operating procedures, business rules and intellectual property, and the agreement provides for ESSDS to assist in the orderly transfer of the services that ESSDS provides to us and the related intellectual property, including intellectual property related to the patient database, to any new pharmacy that we may we engage.

Elements of the Xyrem Risk Management Program, adopted in 2002 before the FDA had authority to require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, are deemed to be an approved REMS pursuant to the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007, or the FDAAA. The Xyrem Risk Management Program, however, is not in the form that is now required for REMS documents. The FDAAA requires that deemed REMS and related documents be updated to comply with the current requirements for REMS documents. We are engaged in ongoing communications with respect to our REMS documents for Xyrem, but have not reached agreement with the FDA on certain significant terms. In late 2013, the FDA notified us that it would exercise its claimed authority to modify our REMS and that it would finalize the REMS as modified by the FDA unless we initiated dispute resolution procedures with respect to the modification of the Xyrem deemed REMS. Given these circumstances, we initiated dispute resolution procedures with the FDA at the end of February 2014, and the process is ongoing. See more discussion regarding this matter under “Business—Government Regulation—Approval of Pharmaceutical Products” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Five companies have notified us that they have filed abbreviated new drug applications, or ANDAs, with the FDA seeking FDA approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. We initiated lawsuits against each of these companies, and the litigation proceedings are ongoing. In addition, certain of the ANDA filers have sought to challenge the validity of our patents covering the distribution system for Xyrem by filing petitions for covered business method, or CBM, post-grant patent review and/or inter partes review, or IPR, by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, or PTAB, of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO. The PTAB has issued decisions denying institution of CBM review for all of the CBM petitions and has not yet determined whether to institute proceedings with respect to the petitions for IPR. For a description of these matters, see “Legal Proceedings” in Part I, Item 3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We also expect to face pressure to license or share our Xyrem Risk Management Program, which is the subject of multiple issued patents, or elements of it, with generic competitors. In January 2014, the FDA held an initial meeting with us and the then-current Xyrem ANDA applicants to facilitate the development of a single shared system REMS for Xyrem (sodium oxybate). The parties have had numerous interactions with respect to a single shared system REMS since the initial meeting, and we expect the interactions to continue. In addition, if we do not develop a single shared system REMS or license or share our REMS with a generic competitor within a time frame or on terms that the FDA considers acceptable, the FDA may assert that its waiver authority permits it to allow the generic competitor to market a generic drug with a REMS that does not include the same elements that are in our deemed REMS or, when Xyrem REMS documents are approved, with a separate REMS that includes different, but comparable, elements to assure safe use, or ETASU. Similarly, it is possible that, consistent with the position that the FDA articulated in its December 2012 response denying a Citizen Petition we filed in July 2012, the FDA could approve an ANDA with a risk management plan that is separate from our Xyrem deemed REMS, rather than with a final REMS or a shared REMS for both the generic and Xyrem. For a more detailed explanation and discussion regarding these matters, see “Business—Government Regulation—The Hatch Waxman Act” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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For further discussion regarding the challenges we face with respect to Xyrem, see the risk factors in Part 1, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “The manufacture, distribution and sale of Xyrem are subject to significant regulatory oversight and restrictions and the requirements of a risk management program, and these restrictions and requirements, as well as the potential impact of changes to these restrictions and requirements, subject us to increased risks and uncertainties, any of which could negatively impact sales of Xyrem,” “If generic versions of Xyrem or other sodium oxybate products that compete with Xyrem are approved and launched, sales of Xyrem would be adversely affected,” “It is difficult and costly to protect our proprietary rights, and we may not be able to ensure their protection,” and “We have incurred and expect to continue to incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patents, other intellectual property rights and related matters, and we may be unable to protect our rights to, or commercialize, our products.”

Xyrem is a controlled substance in the United States, subject to regulation by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, under the Controlled Substances Act, or CSA. Therefore, its manufacturing and distribution are highly restricted. The finished product and active pharmaceutical ingredient for Xyrem are each manufactured for us by a single source contract manufacturer. See more details regarding Xyrem supply under “Business—Manufacturing” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Outside of the United States, UCB Pharma Limited, or UCB, has an exclusive license to market Xyrem for the treatment of narcolepsy in 54 countries and currently sells the product in 19 countries. We have licensed to Valeant Canada Limited, or Valeant, the Canadian marketing rights to Xyrem for the treatment of narcolepsy. We supply Xyrem to UCB and Valeant.

We have 19 U.S. patents covering Xyrem, which expire at various times from December 2019 to March 2033. Our issued patents relate to Xyrem’s stable and microbially resistant formulation, its manufacturing process, its method of use, including its restricted distribution system, and its method of administration.

Erwinaze^® / Erwinase^® (asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi)

Erwinaze, a biologic product, is used in conjunction with chemotherapy to treat patients with ALL who have developed hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase. Erwinaze is an asparaginase, a type of enzyme that can deprive leukemic cells of an amino acid essential for their growth. It is derived from a rare bacterium (Erwinia chrysanthemi) and is immunologically distinct from E. coli-derived asparaginase and suitable for patients with hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived treatments. For ALL patients with hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase, Erwinaze can be a crucial component of their therapeutic regimen. Erwinaze was originally developed by Public Health England, or PHE, a U.K. national executive agency. First approved by the FDA under a biologics license application, or BLA, for administration via intramuscular injection in conjunction with chemotherapy, Erwinaze was launched in the United States in November 2011. In December 2014, the FDA approved a supplemental BLA for administration of Erwinaze via intravenous infusion in conjunction with chemotherapy. Outside of the United States, Erwinaze is sold under the name Erwinase pursuant to marketing authorizations, named patient programs, temporary use authorizations or similar authorizations in multiple countries in Europe and elsewhere.

ALL is the most common childhood cancer. Based on data from the U.S. National Cancer Institute, the U.S. Census Bureau and the American Cancer Society, we estimate that approximately 5,000 to 6,000 new cases of ALL were diagnosed in the United States in 2013. Approximately 50% of ALL patients were diagnosed under age 15 and approximately 20% were diagnosed between 15 and 39 years of age, which suggests that approximately 3,500 to 4,200 ALL patients were pediatric, adolescent or young adults. A study published by Dana Farber Cancer Institute, with median follow-up of 57 months, concluded that the intensive use of high-dose asparaginase has an important role in the treatment of children with ALL. Data reported in two separate papers published in Pediatric Blood & Cancer and Journal of Clinical Oncology, respectively suggest that up to 20% of ALL patients may develop hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase. Current treatment guidelines and protocols recommend switching a patient receiving E. coli-derived asparaginase to treatment with Erwinaze if the patient’s hypersensitivity reaction to the E. coli-derived asparaginase is Grade 2-4, indicating that the hypersensitivity reaction has resulted in an intervention or interruption in infusion occurring in the patient’s treatment regimen. While pediatric treatment protocols commonly include asparaginase, adult protocols do not. A retrospective comparison to determine whether the outcome for ALL patients between 15 and 39 years of age differed depending on their enrollment in pediatric compared with adult cooperative group trials showed that the seven-year overall survival rate among the adolescent and young adult ALL patients treated on pediatric protocols was 67% compared to 46% for those patients treated on adult protocols. As more treatment protocols in adult centers incorporate the use of asparaginase-based regimens, we expect to see increased use of Erwinaze. In addition, we believe that Erwinaze has the potential for use in patients with silent hypersensitivity, a situation in which E. coli-derived asparaginase may induce antibodies that can neutralize the enzyme or increase its clearance, thereby depriving patients of its therapeutic benefits without manifesting the clinical symptoms of hypersensitivity. A third party has introduced an assay to determine the enzyme activity of asparaginase in patients who have been treated with any E. coli-derived asparaginase or Erwinaze. With this assay, physicians may be able to monitor asparaginase levels to identify patients with silent hypersensitivity and maintain asparaginase activity by switching asparaginase preparations. We expect adoption of this assay to be limited until its use is included in existing pediatric and adult treatment protocols.

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In 2014, net product sales of Erwinaze/Erwinase were $199.7 million, which represented 17.2% of our total net product sales.

We promote Erwinaze in the United States through a specialty sales force of approximately 25 sales professionals. We provide reimbursement support through our JumpStart^TM Access & Reimbursement Solutions program, a dedicated Erwinaze call center. Our field-based and office-based reimbursement team provides additional reimbursement support, dealing specifically with the more complex needs of physicians and payors.

In Europe and elsewhere around the world, Erwinase is sold pursuant to marketing authorizations, named patient programs, temporary use authorizations or similar authorizations. Our hematology and oncology sales force outside of the United States has approximately 25 hematology field specialists responsible for promoting Erwinase and Defitelio in approved markets where we commercialize these products. In those markets where Erwinase is not currently approved, approximately 15 medical science liaisons and medical directors are responsible for responding to medical information requests and for providing information consistent with local treatment protocols.

Erwinaze is exclusively licensed to us for worldwide marketing, sales and distribution by PHE, which also manufactures the product for us. PHE is our sole supplier for Erwinaze. We are obligated to make tiered royalty payments to PHE based on worldwide net sales of Erwinaze and Erwinase. See more details regarding the supply of Erwinaze under “Business—Manufacturing” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Erwinaze has no patent protection, although it has orphan drug exclusivity for the treatment of ALL in the United States until November 2018, and it is expected to receive exclusivity that prevents approval of a biosimilar in the United States through late 2023 under the U.S. Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act, or BPCIA.

Defitelio^® (defibrotide) / defibrotide

Defibrotide, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in Defitelio, is the sodium salt of a complex mixture of single-stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotides derived from porcine DNA. In in vitro studies, defibrotide has shown a number of pharmacological effects that suggest it has a role in both protection of the endothelial cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels and the restoration of the balance between clot formation and breakdown in the blood.

Defibrotide has been developed for the treatment and prevention of VOD, a potentially life-threatening complication of HSCT. Stem cell transplantation is a frequently used treatment modality for hematologic cancers and other conditions in both adults and children. Certain conditioning regimens used as part of HSCT can damage the lining cells of hepatic vessels which is thought to lead to the development of VOD, a blockage of the small vessels in the liver, that leads to liver failure and can result in significant dysfunction in other organs such as the kidneys and lungs. The condition is also referred to as “sinusoidal obstruction syndrome.” Severe VOD is the most extreme form of VOD and is associated with multi-organ failure and high rates of morbidity and mortality. An analysis of retrospective data, prospective cohort studies and clinical trials published between 1979 and 2007 found that the 100-day mortality rate in severe VOD cases is greater than 80%. Based on data from published surveys and our market research, we calculated that: in Europe, of the estimated approximately 35,000 patients undergoing HSCT in 2014, approximately 6,300 were considered at high risk for the development of VOD and the incidence of VOD was approximately 3,600 patients; and, in the United States, of the estimated approximately 20,000 patients undergoing HSCT in 2014, approximately 3,000 were considered at high risk for the development of VOD and the incidence of VOD was approximately 1,000 to 2,000 patients. Our review of relevant literature and market research also suggests that about one-third to two-thirds of VOD patients may be eligible for treatment using defibrotide.

In October 2013, the European Commission, or EC, granted marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances for Defitelio for the treatment of severe VOD in adults and children undergoing HSCT therapy. Defitelio is the first approved treatment in the European Union, or EU, for this potentially life-threatening condition. Defitelio has generally been well-tolerated; the most frequent adverse reactions observed during pre-marketing use of the product are hemorrhage, hypotension and coagulopathy.

During 2014, Defitelio was launched in a number of European countries. We expect to continue to launch the product in additional European countries on a rolling basis in 2015 and are in the process of making pricing and reimbursement submissions with respect to Defitelio, and discussing them with regulatory authorities, in those European countries where Defitelio is not yet launched, including in countries where pricing and reimbursement approvals are required for launch. We promote Defitelio along with Erwinase to many of the same hematology and oncology specialists, and believe that we benefit from operational synergies in commercializing these products to the same targeted audience. In addition, in those European markets where Defitelio is approved but not yet launched, our medical science liaisons and medical directors respond to medical information requests regarding defibrotide and provide information consistent with local treatment protocols. We intend eventually to commercialize Defitelio in all European markets where it has marketing authorization. We also continue to provide patients access to defibrotide where it is not commercially available through an expanded access treatment protocol that is open under an investigational new drug application, or IND, in the United States and on a named patient basis elsewhere.

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Defitelio/defibrotide product sales in 2014, beginning from the closing on January 23, 2014 of our acquisition of a controlling interest in Gentium S.p.A., or Gentium, which we refer to as the Gentium Acquisition, were $70.5 million, which represented 6.1% of our total net product sales. On a pro forma basis, assuming the Gentium Acquisition had closed on January 1, 2014, Defitelio/defibrotide product sales in 2014 were $73.4 million. For a detailed discussion of the Gentium Acquisition, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In August 2014, we acquired from Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Sigma-Tau, the rights to defibrotide for the treatment and prevention of VOD in North America, Central America and South America. In exchange for the rights to defibrotide in the Americas, we made an upfront payment of $75.0 million to Sigma-Tau and are also obligated to make milestone payments of up to $175.0 million comprised of (i) $25.0 million upon the acceptance for filing by the FDA of the first NDA for defibrotide for VOD; and (ii) up to an additional $150.0 million based on the timing of potential FDA approval of defibrotide for VOD.

There are currently no approved treatments for VOD in the United States. Defibrotide has been granted orphan drug designation by the FDA to treat and prevent VOD and has also received Fast Track designation by the FDA to treat severe VOD. The Fast Track program is designed to enable more frequent interactions with the FDA during drug development and to expedite the FDA’s review of a new drug candidate. In December 2014, we initiated a rolling submission of an NDA to the FDA for defibrotide for the treatment of severe VOD. We expect to complete the submission in mid-2015. See more details regarding the rolling submission under “Business—Government Regulation—Approval of Pharmaceutical Products” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We are also assessing the potential for approval of defibrotide in other countries and for development of defibrotide in indications in addition to the treatment of severe VOD. For example, defibrotide has received orphan drug designation to treat and prevent VOD from the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, and the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The Commonwealth of Australia-Department of Health has granted defibrotide orphan drug designation for the treatment of VOD. In addition, the EMA also granted orphan drug designation to defibrotide for the prevention of GvHD, another potentially fatal complication of HSCT that afflicts up to 50% of all donor transplant patients.

The drug substance defibrotide was developed and is manufactured in a facility in Italy that we acquired through the Gentium Acquisition. The finished product is manufactured for us by a single source contract manufacturer.

The unique process of deriving defibrotide from porcine DNA is extensive and uses both chemical and biological processes which rely on complex characterization methods. We have a portfolio of U.S. and non-U.S. patents and patent applications relating to various compositions, methods of use and methods of characterization, which will expire at various times between April 2017 and June 2032.

Prialt^® (ziconotide) intrathecal infusion and other products

We also commercialize a portfolio of other products, including Prialt. Prialt is an intrathecally administered infusion of ziconotide, approved by the FDA in December 2004 for the management of severe chronic pain in patients for whom intrathecal therapy is warranted, and who are intolerant of or refractory to other treatment, such as systemic analgesics, adjunctive therapies or intrathecal morphine. Intrathecal therapy is the delivery of the drug into the intrathecal space in the spine through an infusion system comprised of a programmable infusion pump and catheter. For most patients who achieve good pain relief and tolerability with Prialt, pain relief can be maintained over time without cumulative toxicity. Prialt is the only FDA-approved non-opioid intrathecal analgesic. We have worldwide rights to Prialt, excluding 34 countries outside of the United States licensed by Eisai Co. Limited, or Eisai, from Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (subsequently acquired by Perrigo Company plc) in May 2010. We supply Prialt to Eisai.

Other products we sell include a number of psychiatry products in the United States and products in the oncology, critical care and oncology supportive care therapeutic areas, primarily in markets outside of the United States.

Research and Development

Our development pipeline projects currently include clinical development of new product candidates, line extensions for existing products and the generation of additional clinical data for existing products. These projects are concentrated in our sleep and hematology/oncology therapeutic areas.

In the sleep area, we have ongoing and planned clinical trials for our product and product candidates.

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JZP-110. JZP-110 is a late-stage investigational compound being developed for potential treatment of EDS in patients with narcolepsy and EDS in patients with OSA. Based on feedback from the FDA on our development plans for JZP-110, we expect to commence our planned Phase 3 clinical program in the second quarter of 2015, subject to the availability of clinical trial materials. We plan to conduct one Phase 3 clinical trial in patients with EDS associated with narcolepsy and two Phase 3 clinical trials in patients with EDS associated with OSA. Approximately

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900 patients are expected to be enrolled in these three trials in the aggregate. In addition, we plan to evaluate the long-term safety of JZP-110 in an open label extension trial and expect to enroll up to 450 patients from the three Phase 3 clinical trials in this extension trial. The co-primary endpoints for all three Phase 3 clinical trials are change in the scores from baseline on the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test and Epworth Sleepiness Scale, with a key secondary endpoint of patient global impression of change.

In January 2014, we entered into an asset purchase agreement with Aerial BioPharma LLC, or Aerial, to acquire the worldwide development, manufacturing and commercial rights to JZP-110, other than in certain jurisdictions in Asia where SK Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, or SK, retains rights. Under the agreement, we made an upfront payment of $125.0 million to Aerial. We also paid a $2.0 million milestone to SK on assignment of the JZP-110 rights from Aerial to us. We are obligated to make milestone payments, in an aggregate amount of up to $270.0 million, based on development, regulatory and sales milestones and to pay tiered royalties from high single digits to mid-teens based on potential future sales of JZP-110.

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JZP-386. JZP-386 is a deuterium-modified analog of sodium oxybate, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in Xyrem, which we licensed from Concert Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Concert, in February 2013. We have conducted preclinical research and development work on JZP-386 for potential use in patients with narcolepsy. We submitted an investigational medicinal product dossier, or IMPD, for JZP-386 in Europe at the end of 2013 and received approval of the IMPD in January 2014. The first study of JZP-386 in humans to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the compound was conducted in 2014, and we initiated a second Phase 1 study in the first quarter of 2015, with data expected in the second quarter of 2015.

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Xyrem. While in many patients narcolepsy can begin during childhood and adolescence, there is limited information on the treatment of pediatric narcolepsy patients with Xyrem. We have worked with the FDA and several leading specialists to design a clinical trial to generate additional data on the treatment of pediatric narcolepsy patients with Xyrem. As a result, in the fourth quarter of 2014, we initiated a Phase 3 clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of Xyrem in children and adolescents aged seven to 17 who have narcolepsy with cataplexy.

In the hematology and oncology area, we also have a number of ongoing clinical trials.


•	Erwinaze. In the second quarter of 2014, we initiated a pharmacokinetics study in Phase 2 to further evaluate the use of Erwinaze in young adults age 18 to 39 with ALL who are hypersensitive to E. coli-derived asparaginase.

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JZP-416 (formerly known as Asparec). We completed a Phase 1 clinical trial in Europe of JZP-416 (pegcrisantaspase), a PEGylated recombinant Erwinia chrysanthemi L-asparaginase, being developed for the treatment of patients with ALL who are hypersensitive to E. coli-derived asparaginase. In June 2013, the FDA granted Fast Track designation to the investigation of JZP-416 for the treatment of ALL. We initiated our first study of JZP-416 in children in a pivotal Phase 2 clinical trial in North America in late 2014. In February 2015, we voluntarily suspended patient enrollment in this trial. Our decision to suspend enrollment and to discontinue treatment with JZP-416 for enrolled patients is based on the occurrence of hypersensitivity-like reactions following the administration of JZP-416 in some treated patients. We are in the process of collecting and evaluating the available data and plan to conduct additional research and analysis prior to determining whether to resume the study and determining next steps regarding the development of JZP-416. We license worldwide rights to develop and commercialize JZP-416 from Alizé Pharma II, or Alizé. Under our license agreement with Alizé, we are subject to contractual obligations to meet certain development milestones within certain timeframes.


•	Leukotac. We are conducting a Phase 3 clinical trial in Europe of Leukotac (inolimomab), an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of steroid-refractory acute GvHD. We completed enrollment for this study in March 2014 and expect to receive preliminary data in mid-2015. We acquired the rights to Leukotac from Biotest AG.

We are also engaged in activities related to the potential approval of defibrotide in the United States. We initiated a rolling submission of an NDA to the FDA for defibrotide for the treatment of severe VOD in December 2014 and expect to complete the submission in mid-2015. We are also assessing the potential for approval of defibrotide in other countries and for development of defibrotide in indications in addition to the treatment of severe VOD. See more details regarding the rolling submission under “Business—Government Regulation—Approval of Pharmaceutical Products” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, we recorded $85.2 million, $41.6 million and $20.5 million, respectively, in research and development expenses. We also recorded charges of $202.6 million and $5.0 million, respectively, to in-process research and development in the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, and none in the year ended December 31, 2012.

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Sales and Marketing

We have commercial operations primarily in the United States and Europe. In the United States, our products are marketed through our commercial teams, including approximately 150 trained, experienced sales professionals who promote Xyrem, Erwinaze and Prialt directly to physicians in specialties appropriate for each product. Outside of the United States, our hematology and oncology sales force has approximately 25 hematology field specialists responsible for promoting Erwinase and Defitelio in approved markets where we commercialize these products.

Our commercial activities include marketing-related services, distribution services and commercial support services. We employ third party vendors, such as advertising agencies, market research firms and suppliers of marketing and other sales support-related services, to assist with our commercial activities.

We currently have a relatively small number of sales representatives compared with the number of sales representatives of most other pharmaceutical companies with marketed products. Each of our sales representatives is responsible for a geographic territory of significant size. We believe that the size of our sales force is appropriate to effectively reach our target audience for our marketed products in the specialty markets in which we currently operate. Continued growth of our current marketed products and the launch of any future products may require expansion of our sales force and sales support organization in the United States and internationally, and we may need to commit significant additional funds, management and other resources to the growth of our sales organization.

Competition

The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive and characterized by a number of established, large pharmaceutical companies, as well as specialty pharmaceutical companies that market products and develop product candidates in sleep, hematology/oncology, pain and other therapeutic areas. Many of these companies, particularly large pharmaceutical and life sciences companies, have substantially greater financial, operational and human resources than we do. They can spend more on, and have more expertise in, research and development, regulatory, manufacturing, distribution and sales activities. As a result, our competitors may obtain FDA, EC or other regulatory approvals for their product candidates more rapidly than we may and may market their products more effectively than we do. Smaller or earlier stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established companies.

Our ability to continue to grow requires that we compete successfully with other specialty pharmaceutical companies for product and product candidate acquisition and in-licensing opportunities. These competitors include established companies that may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size and financial resources.

We also face competition from manufacturers of generic drugs. Generic competition often results in decreases in the prices at which branded products can be sold, particularly when there is more than one generic available in the marketplace. In addition, legislation enacted in the United States allows for, and in a few instances in the absence of specific instructions from the prescribing physician mandates, the dispensing of generic products rather than branded products where a generic version is available.

Our products and product candidates may also compete in the future with new products currently under development by others. Any products that we develop are likely to be in a highly competitive market, and many of our competitors may succeed in developing products that may render our products obsolete or noncompetitive. In particular, our lead marketed products face competition as described below:

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Xyrem. Xyrem is the only product approved for the treatment of both cataplexy and EDS in patients with narcolepsy. No product other than Xyrem is approved for the treatment of cataplexy. The only other products approved by the FDA for the treatment of EDS in patients with narcolepsy are Provigil^® (modafinil) and Nuvigil^® (armodafinil), which are marketed by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, or Teva, and the generic versions of Provigil. Provigil, its generic equivalents and Nuvigil are also approved for improving wakefulness in patients with EDS associated with treated OSA or shift work disorder. Xyrem is often used in conjunction with stimulants and wake-promoting drugs, which are administered during the day.

As alternatives to Xyrem, cataplexy is often treated with tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, or selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, or SNRIs, although these products are not approved by the FDA for the treatment of cataplexy. Tricyclic antidepressants are a class of antidepressant drugs first used in the 1950s. The use of these drugs can often result in somnolence, which exacerbates the EDS already experienced by all patients with narcolepsy. SSRIs and SNRIs are compounds typically used for the treatment of clinical depression. Somnolence and insomnia are commonly reported side effects with SSRIs, while loss of sleep is a commonly reported side effect with SNRIs. These side effects may be problematic for patients with narcolepsy.

Five companies have notified us that they have filed ANDAs with the FDA seeking FDA approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. We initiated lawsuits against each of these companies, and the litigation proceedings are ongoing. If generic products that compete with Xyrem are approved and launched, sales of Xyrem would be

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adversely affected. For a description of these matters, please see “Legal Proceedings” in Part I, Item 3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Other companies could also develop products that are similar, but not identical, to Xyrem, such as an alternative formulation or an alternative formulation combined with a different delivery technology, and seek approval in the United States by referencing Xyrem and relying, to some degree, on the FDA’s approval of Xyrem and related determinations of safety and efficacy. For example, in April 2014, we learned about the completion of a “first in man” clinical trial by a company using its proprietary technology for delivery of a sodium oxybate formulation to eliminate second nighttime dosing for narcolepsy patients. This company has stated its intent to submit an NDA, referencing Xyrem, to the FDA by the end of 2016. If this company is successful in developing a sodium oxybate formulation that could be effectively used with its delivery technology and is able to obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for its product to treat narcolepsy patients, we expect sales of Xyrem would be adversely affected.

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Erwinaze / Erwinase. Erwinaze is a biologic product used in conjunction with chemotherapy and is indicated for patients with ALL who have developed hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase. While there is currently no direct competition to Erwinaze to treat ALL patients with hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase, other companies have developed or are developing new treatments for ALL, including new asparaginase treatments that could reduce the rate of hypersensitivity in patients with ALL and new treatment protocols for ALL that may not include asparaginase-containing regimens. Any of these potential new treatments could reduce the market for Erwinaze. As a biologic product, Erwinaze also faces potential competition from biosimilar products.

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Defitelio / defibrotide. Defitelio is the first approved treatment in the EU for the treatment of severe VOD in adults and children undergoing HSCT. Various anti-clotting strategies have been tried by researchers in patients with VOD with mixed results, including Activase (Alteplase), a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, marketed by Genentech, Inc., generic heparin sodium injection, and Thrombate III (antithrombin III (human)), marketed by Grifols Therapeutics, Inc. While there is currently no direct competition to Defitelio to treat severe VOD, changes in the types of conditioning regimens used as part of HSCT may affect the incidence rate of VOD and demand for Defitelio.

With respect to all of our products and product candidates, we believe that our ability to successfully compete will depend on, among other things:


•	the existence of competing or alternative products in the marketplace, including generic competition, and the relative price of those products;


•	the efficacy, safety and reliability of our products and product candidates compared to competing or alternative products;


•	product acceptance by physicians, other health care providers and patients;


•	our ability to comply with applicable laws, regulations and regulatory requirements with respect to the commercialization of our products, including any changes or increases to regulatory restrictions;


•	protection of our proprietary rights;


•	obtaining reimbursement for our products in approved indications;


•	our ability to complete clinical development and obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates, and the timing and scope of regulatory approvals;


•	our ability to provide a reliable supply of commercial quantities of a product to the market; and


•	our ability to recruit, retain and develop skilled employees, including sales and marketing and clinical development employees.

Customers and Information About Geographic Areas

In the United States, our lead marketed product Xyrem is sold to one specialty pharmacy, ESSDS, which ships Xyrem directly to patients. Erwinaze is sold through an exclusive wholesaler and distributor, Accredo Health Group, Inc., to hospitals. Among the other products we commercialize in the United States, Prialt is sold through an exclusive wholesale distributor and pharmacy to medical facilities, while the others are sold primarily to distributors who distribute the product to pharmacies and hospitals. We have standard distribution services agreements made in the ordinary course of business with these distributors, which include prompt payment discounts and various standard fee or rebate arrangements. Purchases are made on a purchase order basis.

Outside of the United States, we distribute Erwinase through Durbin PLC, a U.K.-based wholesaler and distributor, to hospitals and local wholesalers in Europe where we market Erwinase directly and, in markets where we do not market Erwinase directly, to local distributors and wholesalers in Europe and elsewhere in the world. We distribute Defitelio primarily

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through IDIS Limited, or IDIS, a U.K. based distributor, to the European countries where the product has been launched commercially. We also work with IDIS and a number of local distributors in Europe and elsewhere in the world to distribute defibrotide on a named patient basis. Xyrem is currently sold in 19 countries by UCB (which has rights to market Xyrem in 54 countries) and in Canada by Valeant. Eisai has rights to market Prialt in 34 countries outside of the United States. While we retain the rights to Prialt in the rest of the non-U.S. territories, we are not currently selling the product outside of the United States.

Information on our total revenues attributed to United States and non-U.S. sources and customers who represented at least 10% of our total revenues in each of 2014, 2013 and 2012, as well as the location of our long-lived assets, is included in Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We are headquartered in Dublin, Ireland, and have offices in Palo Alto, California and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States and offices in Oxford, United Kingdom, Lyon, France, Villa Guardia (Como), Italy and elsewhere in Europe. For a discussion of risks related to our non-U.S. operations, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business,” “—Risks Related to Our Industry” and “—Risks Relating to Our Financial Condition” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk” in Part II, Item 7A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Manufacturing

Other than the manufacturing plant in Italy where we produce some active pharmaceutical ingredients, including the defibrotide drug substance, discussed in more detail below, we do not currently have our own manufacturing capability for our products or product candidates, or their active pharmaceutical ingredients, or the capability to package our products. Currently, we have a single source of supply for each of our marketed products and our product candidates and for the active pharmaceutical ingredients used in these products and product candidates. Our ability to develop and deliver products in a timely and competitive manner depends on our third party suppliers and manufacturers being able to continue to meet our ongoing commercial and clinical trial needs (except with respect to the defibrotide drug substance, which we manufacture for ourselves). Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products often encounter difficulties in production, including difficulties with production yields, process controls, quality control and quality assurance, including testing of stability, impurities and impurity levels and other product specifications by validated test methods, and compliance with strictly enforced U.S., state and non-U.S. regulations. These difficulties can be heightened when a supplier or manufacturer is required to scale up to produce increased quantities to meet growing demand.

In April 2010, we entered into an agreement with Siegfried (USA) Inc., subsequently renamed Siegfried USA, LLC, or Siegfried, for the supply of sodium oxybate, the active pharmaceutical ingredient of Xyrem. Siegfried was approved by the FDA as our supplier in November 2011. Although Siegfried has been our only supplier of sodium oxybate since 2012, we have the right to purchase a portion of our worldwide requirements of sodium oxybate from other suppliers. Under our agreement, we provide periodic rolling forecasts to Siegfried, and a portion of each rolling forecast constitutes a firm purchase order. The agreement with Siegfried expires in April 2018, subject to automatic three-year extensions until either party provides notice to the other of its intent to terminate the agreement at least 18 months before the end of the then-current term. Either party has the right to terminate the agreement in the event of the other party’s uncured material breach or insolvency. During the term of the agreement and, under certain circumstances for 18 months after the agreement terminates, Siegfried is not permitted to manufacture sodium oxybate for any other company.

We have an exclusive agreement with Patheon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Patheon, which became effective in 2008, under which we have agreed to purchase exclusively from Patheon (except in very limited circumstances), and Patheon has agreed to manufacture, supply and package, our worldwide supply of Xyrem. The current term of the agreement with Patheon, which is our sole supplier of Xyrem, extends until July 2016 and may be extended, at our option, for additional two-year terms with written notice at least twelve months before the end of the then current term. Either party has the right to terminate the agreement in the event of the other party’s uncured material breach or insolvency.

Quotas from the DEA are required in order to manufacture and package sodium oxybate and Xyrem. DEA quotas are required for Siegfried to supply us with sodium oxybate and for Patheon to supply us with Xyrem. Since the DEA typically grants quota on an annual basis and requires a detailed submission and justification for a quota request, obtaining a sufficient DEA quota can be a difficult and time-consuming process. The need for quota has prevented us in the past, and may prevent us in the future, from building significant inventories. For information related to this quota requirement of the DEA, see “Business—Government Regulation—Other Regulatory Requirements—Controlled Substance Regulations” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Erwinaze is exclusively licensed to us, and manufactured for us, by PHE, which is our sole supplier for Erwinaze. Our agreement with PHE expires in December 2020, subject to automatic extension for additional five-year periods unless terminated by either party in writing prior to a fixed date before the end of the then-current term. Either party has the right to terminate the agreement in the event of the other party’s uncured material breach or insolvency. We provide periodic rolling forecasts to PHE, and a portion of each rolling forecast constitutes a firm purchase order. We are obligated to make tiered

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royalty payments to PHE based on worldwide net sales of Erwinaze and Erwinase. The BLA approving Erwinaze includes a number of post-marketing commitments related to the manufacture of Erwinaze by PHE.

We have limited inventory of Erwinaze. The current manufacturing capacity for Erwinaze is nearly completely absorbed by demand for the product. As a consequence of constrained manufacturing capacity, we have had an extremely limited ability to build an excess level of product inventory that could be used to absorb disruptions to supply resulting from quality or other issues. If we continue to be subject to capacity constraints or experience quality or other manufacturing challenges in the future, we may be unable to build a desired excess level of product inventory, and our ability to supply the market may be compromised. Although we are taking steps to improve the Erwinaze manufacturing process, if our ongoing efforts are not successful, we could experience additional Erwinaze supply interruptions in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our sales of and revenues from Erwinaze and limit our potential future maintenance and growth of the market for this product. See the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “We depend on single source suppliers and manufacturers for each of our products, product candidates and their active pharmaceutical ingredients. The loss of any of these suppliers or manufacturers, or delays or problems in the supply or manufacture of our products for commercial sale or our product candidates for use in our clinical trials, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects” for a discussion of the challenges we face with respect to Erwinaze supply.

We manufacture the defibrotide drug substance in a single facility located in Villa Guardia, near Como, Italy. We are our sole supplier of, and we believe that we are currently the sole worldwide producer of, the defibrotide drug compound. Patheon UK Limited, or Patheon UK, currently processes the defibrotide compound into its finished vial form, and is the sole provider of our commercial supply of the finished product in Europe and of our future clinical supply. We are in the process of evaluating an appropriate provider to process defibrotide into finished product for the U.S. market in preparation for the potential approval of the product by the FDA.

In order to commence any of our planned clinical programs for JZP-110 or JZP-386, we need to have sufficient quantities of clinical product manufactured. While we believe that we will be able to obtain sufficient supplies of JZP-110 or JZP-386 before the commencement of our planned clinical trials, there can be no assurance that our suppliers will be able to produce sufficient clinical supplies of JZP-110 or JZP-386 in a timely manner. Any delay in receiving adequate supplies of JZP-110 or JZP-386 for our planned studies could negatively impact our development programs.

Our active pharmaceutical ingredient and finished product manufacturers may not be able to continue to meet our requirements for quality, quantity and timeliness. In addition, our manufacturers and suppliers are subject to the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, requirements, DEA regulations and other rules and regulations prescribed by non-U.S. regulatory authorities. We depend on our third party suppliers and manufacturers for compliance with these requirements, and they may not be able to continue to do so.

Patents and Proprietary Rights

We actively seek to patent, or to obtain licenses to or to acquire third party patents, to protect our products and related inventions and improvements that we consider important to our business. We own a portfolio of U.S and non-U.S. patents and patent applications and have licensed rights to a number of issued patents and patent applications. Our owned and licensed patents and patent applications cover or relate to our products and product candidates, including certain formulations, uses to treat particular conditions, distribution methods and methods of administration, drug delivery technologies and delivery profiles and methods of production. Patents extend for varying periods according to the date of the patent filing or grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is obtained. The patent laws of non-U.S. countries differ from those in United States, and the degree of protection afforded by non-U.S. patents may be different from the protection offered by U.S. patents.

The patents and patent applications that relate to our lead marketed products include:

•

Xyrem. Xyrem is covered by 19 U.S. patents that expire at various times from December 2019 to March 2033, of which 14 are listed in the FDA’s publication “Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations,” or Orange Book. These patents relate to Xyrem’s stable and microbially resistant formulation, its manufacturing process, its method of use, including its restricted distribution system, and its method of administration. Of the patents listed in the Orange Book, four are formulation patents expiring between December 2019 and July 2020; seven are method of use patents covering the distribution of Xyrem expiring between December 2022 and June 2024; two are method of use patents covering Xyrem’s use in narcolepsy, both of which expire in December 2019; and one is a method of administration patent expiring in March 2033. An additional method of use patent covering Xyrem’s use in narcolepsy expiring December 2019 is expected to be listed in the Orange Book. Four patents are not listed in the Orange Book but also relate to Xyrem: two for methods for making the formulation expiring December 2019, one for a distribution system expiring June 2024 and one for method of administration expiring March 2033. A Xyrem

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formulation patent has issued in multiple non-U.S. countries and will expire in December 2019. In addition to our issued patents, we have patent applications relating to Xyrem pending in the United States and other countries.

Five companies have notified us that they have filed ANDAs with the FDA seeking FDA approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. We initiated lawsuits against each of these companies, and the litigation proceedings are ongoing. In addition, certain of the ANDA filers have sought to challenge the validity of our patents covering the distribution system for Xyrem by filing petitions for CBM post-grant patent review and/or IPR by the PTAB. The PTAB has issued decisions denying institution of CBM review for all of the CBM petitions and has not yet determined whether to institute proceedings with respect to the petitions for IPR. For a description of these matters, see “Legal Proceedings” in Part I, Item 3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

•

Defitelio. The unique process of deriving defibrotide from porcine DNA is extensive and uses both chemical and biological processes that rely on complex characterization methods. We have a portfolio of U.S. and non-U.S. patents and patent applications relating to various compositions, methods of use and methods of characterization, which will expire at various times between April 2017 and June 2032.

Erwinaze has no patent protection, although it has orphan drug exclusivity for the treatment of ALL in the United States until November 2018, and it is expected to receive exclusivity that prevents approval of a biosimilar in the United States through late 2023 under the BPCIA. See “Business—Government Regulation—Orphan Drug and Other Exclusivities” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details.

The patents and patent applications that relate to our product candidates include:

•

JZP-110. JZP-110 and its associated uses are claimed in multiple U.S. and non-U.S. patents and applications. We acquired rights to JZP-110 from Aerial in January 2014, including Aerial’s patent rights relating to JZP-110, other than in certain jurisdictions in Asia where SK retains rights. The U.S. composition of matter patents begin to expire in September 2015. Two U.S. method of use patents covering treatment of sleep related conditions will expire in June 2026 and August 2027, subject to any patent term extension.

•

JZP-386. Two U.S. patents cover the composition of deuterated analogs of sodium oxybate, including JZP-386, and their methods for treating certain diseases and disorders, including narcolepsy. The first patent expires in July 2030 and the second patent expires in February 2032. A European patent that corresponds to the first U.S. patent expires in April 2030. Further, patent applications corresponding to the second U.S. patent were filed in the United States, Europe and Japan, and, if issued, would expire in February 2032. We were granted exclusive licenses to these patent rights by Concert.

•

JZP-416. JZP-416 is not yet covered by any issued U.S. patents. We have rights to patent applications for JZP-416 pending in the United States and many other countries that, if issued, would expire in July 2030, subject to any patent term extension. In addition, JZP-416 was granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of ALL by the EMA and by the FDA subject to certain conditions. See “Business—Government Regulation—Orphan Drug and Other Exclusivities” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details.

We cannot be certain that any of our patent applications, or those of our licensors, will result in issued patents, that the patents we own and license, or any additional patents we may own or license, will prevent other companies from developing similar or therapeutically equivalent products, or that others will not be issued patents that may prevent the sale of our products or require licensing and the payment of significant fees or royalties.

We also rely on our trade secrets and those of our licensors, as well as other unpatented proprietary information, to protect our products and commercial position, particularly with respect to our products with limited or no patent protection, such as Erwinaze and Defitelio. To the extent that our products have a competitive edge as a result of our reliance on trade secrets and unpatented know-how, our competitive position may be compromised if others independently develop products using the same or similar technologies or trade secrets.

We seek to protect our trade secrets and proprietary knowledge in part through confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, advisors and collaboration partners. Nevertheless, these agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of our confidential information and may not provide us with an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of our confidential information. In addition, if our employees, consultants, advisors or collaboration partners develop inventions or processes independently or jointly with us that may be applicable to our products under development, disputes may arise about ownership or proprietary rights to those inventions and processes. Such inventions and processes will not necessarily become our property, but may remain the property of those third parties or their employers. Protracted and costly litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights. In addition, courts outside of the United States are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets.

Failure to obtain or maintain patent and trade secret protection, for any reason, could have a material adverse effect on our business. See the risk factors in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “It is difficult and costly to

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protect our proprietary rights, and we may not be able to ensure their protection” and “We have incurred and expect to continue to incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patents, other intellectual property rights and related matters, and we may be unable to protect our rights to, or commercialize, our products.”

In addition, we have a number of trademarks and service marks to further protect the proprietary position of our products. We also have pending trademark and service mark applications in the United States and elsewhere in the world.

Government Regulation

Approval of Pharmaceutical Products

We are not permitted to market a pharmaceutical product in the United States or in the EU member states until we receive approval from the FDA, the EC or the competent authorities of the EU member states, as applicable. An application for marketing approval must contain information demonstrating the quality, safety and efficacy of the pharmaceutical product, including data from preclinical and clinical trials, information pertaining to the preparation and manufacture of the drug or biologic, analytical methods, product formulation, details on the manufacture and stability of the finished pharmaceutical product and proposed product packaging and labeling.

In the United States, the FDA, under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and its implementing regulations, regulates the review, approval, manufacturing and marketing of our products. Our failure, or the failure of any of our third party partners, to comply with applicable requirements could subject us to administrative or judicial sanctions or other negative consequences, such as delays in approval or refusal to approve a product candidate, withdrawal of product approval, notices of violation, untitled letters, warning letters, fines and other monetary penalties, unanticipated expenditures, product recall or seizure, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, interruption of manufacturing or clinical trials, operating restrictions, injunctions, suspension of licenses, civil penalties and/or criminal prosecution.

To obtain FDA approval of a product candidate, an applicant, also called a sponsor, must, among other things, submit the data and information described above in the form of an NDA or BLA, as applicable, and include payment of a user fee. The testing and collection of data and the preparation of necessary applications are expensive and time-consuming, and the outcomes are uncertain. The steps required before a drug or biologic may be approved for marketing in the United States generally include: preclinical laboratory tests and animal tests; submission to the FDA of an IND for human clinical testing, which must become effective before human clinical trials commence; adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the drug or biologic for each indication; the submission to the FDA of the NDA or BLA; satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facilities at which the product is made, analyzed and stored to assess compliance with cGMP; potential FDA audit of the nonclinical and clinical trial sites that generated the data in support of the application; and FDA review and approval of the application.

Human clinical trials conducted before approval of a product for a specific indication generally proceed in three sequential phases, although the phases may overlap. In Phase 1, the initial introduction of the drug into human subjects, frequently healthy volunteers, the drug is tested to assess metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological actions, side effects associated with increasing doses and, if possible, early evidence of effectiveness. Phase 2 usually involves clinical trials in a limited patient population to determine the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication or indications, dosage tolerance and optimum dosage and to identify common adverse effects and safety risks. If a drug demonstrates evidence of effectiveness and an acceptable safety profile in Phase 2, Phase 3 clinical trials are undertaken to obtain additional information about clinical efficacy and safety in a larger number of patients, typically at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites. In addition, Phase 4, or post-approval, clinical trials may be required by the FDA and are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication and to document a clinical benefit in the case of products approved under accelerated approval regulations.

The FDA reviews an NDA or BLA submitted before it accepts them for filing and may request additional information rather than, or before, accepting an application for filing. For example, a prior NDA submission by Gentium seeking approval in the United States for defibrotide for the treatment of VOD was voluntarily withdrawn from consideration in 2011 in order to address issues raised by the FDA. We held pre-NDA meetings with the FDA relating to our plans for the submission of an NDA for defibrotide for the treatment of severe VOD. Based on these meetings and in light of the current status of our acquisition and remediation of key information to be included in the data package for the NDA, in December 2014, we initiated a rolling submission of an NDA to the FDA for defibrotide for the treatment of severe VOD and expect to complete the submission of the NDA in mid-2015. We do not expect to be required to complete any additional clinical trials prior to the

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completion of the NDA submission. However, we may be unable to acquire and remediate key information in the data package in a timely manner, which would delay or preclude the completion of our NDA submission. Furthermore, if we fail to acquire and remediate key information or if analysis of this data does not support an NDA submission, we may be required to complete additional clinical trials in order to obtain appropriate data for an NDA submission. Even if we are able to complete the NDA submission as planned, we may be required to conduct time-consuming and costly clinical trials as a condition of any U.S. marketing approval for the product. In any event, we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval of defibrotide in the United States in a timely manner, if at all.

Once an NDA or BLA submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the application. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, the FDA has twelve months from submission in which to complete its initial review of a standard application and respond to the applicant, and eight months for a priority application. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates, and in certain circumstances the PDUFA goal date may be extended. The FDA may not act quickly or favorably in reviewing applications, and we may encounter significant difficulties or costs in any efforts to obtain FDA approvals, which could delay or preclude us from marketing our product candidates.

If the FDA determines that a REMS is necessary to ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the risks, a sponsor may be required to include, as part of the application or after approval, a proposed REMS, which may include a patient package insert or a medication guide to provide information to consumers about the product’s risks and benefits, a plan for communication to healthcare providers, and restrictions on the product’s distribution referred to as ETASU. For example, Xyrem is required to have a REMS. Elements of the Xyrem Risk Management Program, adopted in 2002 before the FDA had authority to require REMS, are deemed to be an approved REMS pursuant to the FDAAA. The Xyrem Risk Management Program, however, is not in the form that is now required for REMS documents. The FDAAA, which amended the FDCA, requires that deemed REMS and related documents be updated to comply with the current requirements for REMS documents.

We are engaged in ongoing communications with the FDA with respect to our REMS documents for Xyrem, but we have not reached agreement on certain significant terms. In late 2013, the FDA notified us that it would exercise its claimed authority to modify our REMS and that it would finalize the REMS as modified by the FDA unless we initiated dispute resolution procedures with respect to the modification of the Xyrem deemed REMS. Among other things, we disagree with the FDA’s position in the late 2013 notice that, as part of the current REMS process, the Xyrem deemed REMS should be modified to enable the distribution of Xyrem through more than one pharmacy, or potentially through retail pharmacies and wholesalers, as well as with certain modifications proposed by the FDA that would, in the FDA’s view, be sufficient to ensure that the REMS includes only those elements necessary to ensure that the benefits of Xyrem outweigh its risks, and that would, in the FDA’s view, reduce the burden on the healthcare system. Given these circumstances, we initiated dispute resolution procedures with the FDA at the end of February 2014. We received the FDA’s denial of our initial dispute resolution submission in the second quarter of 2014, and our dispute is currently subject to further supervisory review at the next administrative level of the FDA. We have received interim responses from the FDA, but the FDA has not yet communicated a decision on our further appeal to us. We expect to receive the FDA’s decision in the first quarter of 2015. We cannot predict whether, or on what terms, we will reach agreement with the FDA on final REMS documents for Xyrem, the outcome or timing of the current dispute resolution procedure, whether we will initiate additional dispute resolution proceedings with the FDA or other legal proceedings prior to finalizing the REMS documents, or the outcome or timing of any such proceedings. We expect that final REMS documents for Xyrem will include modifications to, and/or requirements that are not currently implemented in, the Xyrem Risk Management Program. Any such modifications or additional requirements could potentially make it more difficult or expensive for us to distribute Xyrem, make it easier for future generic competitors, and/or negatively affect sales of Xyrem. See the discussion regarding REMS in the context of potential generic competition under “Business—Government Regulations—The Hatch-Waxman Act” below and in the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “The manufacture, distribution and sale of Xyrem are subject to significant regulatory oversight and restrictions and the requirements of a risk management program, and these restrictions and requirements, as well as the potential impact of changes to these restrictions and requirements, subject us to increased risks and uncertainties, any of which could negatively impact sales of Xyrem.”

After the FDA evaluates a marketing application, including a REMS program when applicable, it also evaluates any manufacturing and nonclinical and clinical trial facilities for the proposed product. When the FDA’s evaluation is complete, it issues an approval letter or a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing or information in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If and when those deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the application, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The FDA may also refer an application to the appropriate advisory committee, typically a panel of clinicians, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of the advisory committee.

The FDA has and has used various programs, including fast track, priority review, breakthrough therapy and accelerated approval (Subpart H and E), that are intended to expedite or simplify the process for reviewing certain applications and/or provide for approval on the basis of surrogate endpoints or restricted distribution. Generally, drugs and biologics may be

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eligible for one or more of these programs if they are intended for serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions, have potential to address unmet medical needs, or may provide meaningful benefit over existing treatments. For example, the FDA has granted Fast Track designation to the investigation of JZP-416 for ALL and to defibrotide to treat severe VOD. We cannot be sure that any of our other product candidates will qualify for any of these programs, or that, if a product candidate does qualify, such as JZP-416 and defibrotide, that the review time will be shorter than a standard review.

Outside of the United States, our ability to market a medicinal product generally depends upon receiving a marketing authorization from the appropriate regulatory authority. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, obtaining marketing authorization, obtaining pricing and reimbursement and related matters vary widely from country to country. In any country, however, we will generally be permitted to commercialize our products if the appropriate regulatory authority is satisfied that we have presented adequate evidence of safety, quality and efficacy. The time needed to secure approval for medicinal products may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The regulatory approval and oversight process in other countries includes all of the risks associated with regulation by the FDA and certain state regulatory agencies as described below. In addition, many countries have adopted specific legal frameworks and procedures to enable the supply of unauthorized medicinal products in the context of named patient or compassionate use programs. These programs are subject to different requirements and subject to different rules in the countries where we operate.

In the EU, marketing authorization for medicinal products can be obtained through several different procedures. The centralized procedure allows a company to submit a single application to the EMA which will provide a positive opinion regarding the application if it meets certain quality, safety and efficacy requirements. The EC can, based on the opinion of the EMA, grant a centralized marketing authorization that is valid in all EU member states and three additional European countries. The centralized procedure is mandatory for certain medicinal products, including orphan medicinal products and biologic products, and optional for certain other products. Unlike the centralized authorization procedure, the national authorization procedure requires a separate application to, and leads to separate approval by, the competent authorities of each EU member state in which the product is to be marketed. There are two possible routes for companies to gain national authorization and both rely on the principal of mutual recognition. One is the decentralized procedure, which allows companies to file identical applications to several EU member states simultaneously for medicinal products that have not yet been authorized in any EU member state. The competent authority of one EU member state, selected by the applicant, assesses the application for marketing authorization. The competent authorities of the other EU member states are subsequently required to grant marketing authorization for their territories on the basis of this assessment except where grounds of potential serious risk to public health require this authorization to be refused. The other is the mutual recognition procedure which allows companies that have a medicinal product already authorized in one EU member state to apply for this authorization to be recognized in other EU member states.

The making available or placing on the EU market of unauthorized medicinal products is prohibited. However, the competent authorities of the EU member states may exceptionally and temporarily allow the making available of such products to individual patients or a group of patients with a chronically or seriously debilitating disease or whose disease is considered to be life-threatening, and who cannot be treated satisfactorily by an authorized medicinal product.

Clinical studies must be conducted in accordance with the requirements of the EU Clinical Trials Directive and applicable good clinical practice standards, as implemented into national legislation by EU member states. All marketing authorization holders will be required to comply with the requirements of a new EU Clinical Trials Regulation which will come into force no later than May 28, 2016. As a regulation, it will be directly binding in all EU member states without the need for any national implementing legislation. The new EU Clinical Trials Regulation, which will replace the EU Clinical Trials Directive, introduces a complete overhaul of the existing regulation of clinical trials for medicinal products in the EU, including a new coordinated procedure for authorization of clinical trials which is reminiscent of the mutual recognition procedure for marketing authorization of medicinal products.

The initial marketing authorization granted in the EU is valid for five years, but once renewed is usually valid for an unlimited period unless the national competent authority or the EMA, decides, on justified grounds relating to pharmacovigilance, including exposure of an insufficient number of patients to the medicinal product concerned, to proceed with one additional five-year renewal. The renewal of a marketing authorization is subject to a re-evaluation of the risk-benefit balance of the product by the national competent authorities or the EMA. In addition, products for which the applicant can demonstrate that comprehensive data on the efficacy and safety of the medicinal product under normal conditions of use cannot be provided as a result of certain specified objective and verifiable reasons may be eligible for marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances. A marketing authorization granted under exceptional circumstances is also valid for five years, but is subject to an annual reassessment of conditions imposed by the competent authorities, including conditions relating to the safety of the medicinal product, notification to the national competent authorities of any incident relating to its use, and action to be taken. In October 2013, the EC granted marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances for Defitelio for the treatment of severe VOD in adults and children undergoing HSCT therapy.

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The Hatch-Waxman Act

The approval process described above for the United States is premised on the applicant being the owner of, or having obtained a right of reference to, all of the data required to prove the safety and effectiveness of a drug product. This type of marketing application, sometimes referred to as a “full” or “stand-alone” NDA, is governed by Section 505(b)(1) of the FDCA. A Section 505(b)(1) NDA contains full reports of investigations of safety and effectiveness, which includes the results of preclinical and clinical trials, together with detailed information on the manufacture and composition of the product, in addition to other information as described above.

Alternatively, the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, or the Hatch-Waxman Act, which updated certain sections of the FDCA, establishes two abbreviated approval pathways for drug products that are in some way follow-on versions of products already covered by an approved NDA. The first path, under Section 505(b)(2), is for the approval of a product that is similar, but not identical, to a previously-approved brand-name product, which is referred to as the “referenced drug.” Under this path, the applicant is permitted to rely to some degree on the FDA’s finding that the referenced drug is safe and effective, and must submit its own product-specific data of safety and effectiveness to an extent necessary because of the differences between the products. The FDA may then approve the new drug product for all or some of the label indications for which the referenced product has been approved, or for a new indication sought by the Section 505(b)(2) applicant.

The second path established under the Hatch-Waxman Act is for the approval of generic drugs. Section 505(j) of the FDCA permits the submission of an ANDA for a generic version of an approved, brand-name drug. Generally, an ANDA must contain data and information showing that the proposed generic product and the approved referenced drug (1) have the same active ingredient, in the same strength and dosage form, to be delivered via the same route of administration, (2) are intended for the same uses, and (3) are bioequivalent. This data and information are provided instead of independently demonstrating the proposed generic product’s safety and effectiveness, which are inferred from the fact that the generic product is the same as the referenced drug, which the FDA previously found to be safe and effective. To date, five generic drug manufacturers have filed an ANDA with the FDA requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. ANDAs have been filed in the past seeking approval to market generic versions of certain of our other products, and additional ANDAs may be filed in the future seeking approval to market generic forms of Xyrem and/or other products. For a description of these matters, see “Legal Proceedings” in Part I, Item 3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

To the extent that an ANDA or a Section 505(b)(2) NDA applicant is relying on the FDA’s findings for an already-approved product, the applicant is required to certify that there are no patents listed for that product in the Orange Book, or that for each Orange Book-listed patent the listed patent has expired, or will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration, or the listed patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of the new product. A certification that the new product will not infringe the referenced product’s Orange Book-listed patents or that such patents are invalid is called a “Paragraph IV Patent Certification.” If the patent is for an approved method of use, an ANDA or Section 505(b)(2) applicant can also file a statement, called a “section viii statement,” that the application does not seek approval of the use covered by the listed patent. If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents, the ANDA or the Section 505(b)(2) NDA will not be approved until all the listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired, as well as any additional period of exclusivity that might be obtained for completing pediatric studies pursuant to the FDA’s written request. The ANDA or the Section 505(b)(2) NDA may also be subject to delay in review or approval based on applicable non-patent exclusivities, such as exclusivity that results from obtaining approval of a new chemical entity or of a new use of a previously approved active ingredient.

If the applicant has provided a Paragraph IV Patent Certification, or Paragraph IV Certification, to the FDA, the applicant must also send a notice of such certification to the holder of the NDA and the relevant patent holders once the ANDA or the Section 505(b)(2) NDA has been accepted for filing by the FDA. The NDA and patent holders may then initiate a legal challenge to the proposed generic product for infringing the patent. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days of receipt of a notice of Paragraph IV Certification automatically prevents the FDA from approving the ANDA or the Section 505(b)(2) NDA until the earliest of 30 months after the NDA holder’s receipt of the notice of Paragraph IV Certification, expiration of the patent, settlement of the lawsuit or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the ANDA applicant. The 30-month stay period may also be shortened or lengthened upon order of the court in the infringement lawsuit. For drugs with five-year exclusivity, if an action for patent infringement is initiated after year four of that exclusivity period, then the 30-month stay period is extended by such amount of time so that 7.5 years has elapsed since the approval of the NDA for the referenced drug. This period could be extended by six months if the NDA sponsor obtains pediatric exclusivity. Alternatively, if the listed patent holder does not file a patent infringement lawsuit within the required 45-day period, the applicant will not be subject to the 30-month stay. The FDA may issue tentative approval of an ANDA if the generic applicant meets all conditions for approval but cannot receive effective approval because the 30-month stay or a period of statutory exclusivity has not expired.

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We intend to submit for Orange Book listing all relevant patents for our products and product candidates, and to vigorously defend any patents for our approved products, including Orange Book-listed patents. We have received notices of Paragraph IV Certification from five generic drug manufacturers notifying us that each had filed an ANDA with the FDA requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem before the expiration of the Orange Book-listed patents relating to Xyrem. We have sued each of these ANDA filers seeking to prevent them from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe our patents. For a description of these matters, see “Legal Proceedings” in Part I, Item 3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If an ANDA is approved after the 30-month stay and before conclusion of any relevant patent litigation at the district, and potentially appellate, court, a generic manufacturer could nonetheless choose to commercialize the generic product, also known as a “launch at risk.” In the event of such commercialization, the generic manufacturer generally would be liable to us for damages if we ultimately prevail in the patent litigation.

Section 505-1(i)(1) of the FDCA generally provides that (i) an ANDA with a referenced drug subject to the REMS requirements is required to have a REMS with the same elements as the referenced drug, such as a medication guide, a patient package insert and other ETASU, and (ii) the ANDA drug and the referenced drug shall use a single shared system to assure safe use. However, the FDA may waive this requirement for a single shared system and permit the ANDA holder to submit separate but comparable REMS documents if the FDA either determines that the burden of creating a single shared system outweighs its benefit, or if the ANDA applicant certifies that it has been unable to obtain a license to any aspects of the REMS for the referenced drug product that are covered by a patent or a trade secret. The FDCA provides that the FDA may seek to negotiate a license between the ANDA sponsor and the sponsor of the listed product before granting a waiver of the single shared system requirement. The FDCA further states that a REMS shall not be used by an NDA holder to block or delay generic drugs from entering the market. Accordingly, we expect to face pressure to license or share our Xyrem Risk Management Program, which is the subject of multiple issued patents, or elements of it, with generic competitors. We cannot predict the outcome or impact on our business of any future action that we may take with respect to licensing or sharing our REMS, or the FDA’s response to a certification that a third party has been unable to obtain a license.

In the FDA’s December 2012 response denying a Citizen Petition that we filed in July 2012, the FDA stated that when an NDA holder has a deemed REMS, the FDA directs the ANDA applicant(s) to work with the NDA holder to create a single shared system to implement the ETASU that will be approved as a final REMS. More broadly, the FDA has stated that it expects the negotiation of a single shared REMS between an NDA holder and ANDA applicants to proceed concurrently with the FDA’s review of ANDA applications. The FDA has further stated that it typically monitors the progress of industry working groups attempting to develop shared REMS systems, and that it has acted to help ensure that sponsors were cooperating and that there were no obstacles to developing a single shared system. In January 2014, the FDA held an initial meeting with us and the then-current Xyrem ANDA applicants to facilitate the development of a single shared system REMS for Xyrem (sodium oxybate). The parties have had numerous interactions with respect to a single shared system REMS since the initial meeting, and we expect the interactions to continue. We cannot predict the timing, outcome or impact on our business of discussions with the FDA and/or any ANDA applicant with respect to the potential creation of a single shared system REMS for Xyrem (sodium oxybate), including the impact of the ongoing process with respect to potential modifications to the Xyrem deemed REMS as discussed above, or the impact of any single shared system REMS on our ongoing litigation with each of the ANDA applicants. See the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A entitled “We have incurred and expect to continue to incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patents, other intellectual property rights and related matters, and we may be unable to protect our rights to, or commercialize, our products.”

If we do not develop a single shared system REMS or license or share our REMS with a generic competitor within a time frame or on terms that the FDA considers acceptable, the FDA may assert that its waiver authority permits it to allow the generic competitor to market a generic drug with a REMS that does not include the same elements that are in our deemed REMS or, when Xyrem REMS documents are approved, with a separate REMS that includes different, but comparable, ETASU.

It is also possible that the FDA may take the position that a potential generic competitor does not need a REMS that has the same ETASU as our Xyrem deemed REMS in order to obtain approval of its ANDA. In the denial of our Citizen Petition described above, the FDA stated that if the FDA determines that an ANDA may be ready for approval before final approval of the REMS of a sponsor holding a deemed REMS, the FDA will direct the ANDA applicant to submit a proposed risk management plan with ETASU that are comparable to the ETASU that are approved for the referenced drug in order to have adequate risk management elements in place for the ANDA until the final REMS is approved. The legal basis for this position is uncertain. However, it is possible that the FDA may rely on this position as a basis to grant approval of an ANDA with a risk management plan rather than a final REMS. The 30-month stay of FDA approval of the ANDA filed by Roxane Laboratories, Inc., or Roxane, the first ANDA filer, expired on April 18, 2013, and we have not yet received approval of final REMS documents for Xyrem. Accordingly, it is possible that, consistent with the position that the FDA articulated in its denial of our Citizen Petition, the FDA could approve an ANDA with a risk management plan that is separate from our Xyrem deemed REMS, rather than with a final REMS or a shared REMS for both the generic and Xyrem. We expect that the approval of an ANDA that results in the launch of a generic version of Xyrem would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial

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condition, results of operations and growth prospects. See the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “We have incurred and expect to continue to incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patents, other intellectual property rights and related matters, and we may be unable to protect our rights to, or commercialize, our products.”

Under the Hatch-Waxman Act, newly-approved drugs and indications may benefit from a statutory period of non-patent marketing exclusivity. The Hatch-Waxman Act provides five-year marketing exclusivity to the first applicant to gain approval of an NDA for a new chemical entity, meaning that the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety. The Hatch-Waxman Act prohibits the FDA accepting for review an ANDA or a Section 505(b)(2) NDA for another version of such drug during the five-year exclusive period; however, as explained above, submission of an ANDA or Section 505(b)(2) NDA containing a Paragraph IV Certification is permitted after four years, which may trigger litigation leading to a 30-month stay of approval of the ANDA or Section 505(b)(2) NDA that could extend to 7.5 years after approval of the referenced drug. Protection under the Hatch-Waxman Act will not prevent the submission or approval of another “full” NDA; however, the applicant would be required to conduct its own preclinical and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate safety and effectiveness. The Hatch-Waxman Act also provides three years of marketing exclusivity for the approval of new and supplemental NDAs, including Section 505(b)(2) NDAs, for, among other things, new indications, dosages, or strengths of an existing drug, if new clinical investigations that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are determined by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application.

The Hatch-Waxman Act also permits a patent term extension of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. However, a patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years after the FDA approves a marketing application. The patent term extension period is generally equal to the sum of one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of an NDA, and all of the time between the submission date of an NDA and the approval of that application, up to a total of five years. Only one patent applicable to a product or its use may be extended, and only if the regulatory review leads to the first commercial marketing of that drug, and the extension must be applied for prior to expiration of the patent. The USPTO, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for patent term extension. We will consider applying for a patent term extension for some of our patents to add patent life beyond the expiration date, if we meet the legal requirements permitting an extension and depending on the expected length of clinical trials and other factors involved in the submission of an NDA.

Orphan Drug and Other Exclusivities

Some jurisdictions, including the United States, may designate drugs or biologics for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. The FDA grants orphan drug designation to drugs or biologics intended to treat a rare disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more than 200,000 individuals in the United States if there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available in the United States a drug or biologic for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales in the United States for that product. In the United States, in order to obtain orphan drug designation, the designation must be requested before submitting an application for marketing approval. An orphan drug designation does not shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process. However, if a product that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which means the FDA may not approve any other application to market the same product for the same indication for a period of seven years from the time of FDA approval, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity. Competitors may receive approval of different drugs or biologics for the indications for which the orphan product has exclusivity.

The FDA approved Xyrem as an orphan drug for the treatment of EDS and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy, but those periods of orphan drug exclusivity have expired. Erwinaze has orphan drug exclusivity for the treatment of ALL until November 2018, seven years from its FDA approval. JZP-416 was granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of ALL by the FDA subject to certain conditions. Defibrotide has been granted orphan drug designation to treat and prevent VOD by the FDA.

Separately, Erwinaze, as a biologic product approved under a BLA, is subject to the BPCIA. The BPCIA authorizes the FDA to license a biological product that is biosimilar to an FDA-licensed biologic through an abbreviated pathway. The BPCIA establishes criteria for determining whether a product is biosimilar to an already-licensed biologic, or reference product, and establishes a process for an abbreviated BLA for a biosimilar product to be submitted, reviewed and approved. The BPCIA provides periods of exclusivity that protect a reference product from competition by biosimilars. Under the BPCIA, the FDA may not accept a biosimilar application for review until four years after the date of first licensure of the reference product, and the biosimilar cannot be licensed until 12 years after the reference product was first licensed. Because the BPCIA is a relatively new law, we anticipate that its impact on both reference product sponsors and biosimilar applicants will evolve over a period of years. Its implementation likely will be shaped by a variety of factors, including FDA issuance of guidance documents,

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proposed regulations, and decisions in the course of considering specific applications. Erwinaze is expected to receive exclusivity that prevents approval of a biosimilar in the United States through late 2023 under the BPCIA.

Products also may be eligible for six months of additional exclusivity and patent protection if the sponsor submits pediatric data that fairly respond to a written request from the FDA for such data. The data do not need to show the product to be effective in the pediatric population studied; rather, if the clinical trial is deemed to fairly respond to the FDA’s request, the additional protection is granted. If reports of requested pediatric studies are submitted to and accepted by the FDA within statutory time limits, whatever statutory or regulatory periods of exclusivity or listed patent protection cover the drug are extended by six months. This is not a patent term extension, but it effectively extends the period during which, because of regulatory exclusivity or listed patents, the FDA cannot approve an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA. We will consider seeking pediatric exclusivity if we meet the legal requirements and believe it will be commercially beneficial. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2014, in response to a written request from the FDA to generate additional data, we initiated a Phase 3 clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of Xyrem in children and adolescents aged seven to 17 who have narcolepsy with cataplexy.

In the EU, orphan drug designation may be granted to products that can be used to treat life-threatening diseases or chronically debilitating conditions with an incidence of no more than five in 10,000 people and that, for economic reasons, would be unlikely to be developed without incentives. In order to receive orphan designation, there must also be no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of the condition, or if such a method exists, the medicine must potentially be of a significant benefit to those affected by the condition. Once authorized, orphan medicinal products are entitled to ten years of market exclusivity in all EU member states and a range of other benefits during the development and regulatory review process, including scientific assistance for study protocols, access to the centralized marketing authorization procedure and a reduction or elimination of registration and marketing authorization fees. However, marketing authorization may be granted to a similar medicinal product with the same orphan indication during the ten year period with the consent of the marketing authorization holder for the original orphan medicinal product or if the manufacturer of the original orphan medicinal product is unable to supply sufficient quantities. Marketing authorization may also be granted to a similar medicinal product with the same orphan indication if the similar product is deemed safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior to the original orphan medicinal product. The period of market exclusivity may, in addition, be reduced to six years if it can be demonstrated on the basis of available evidence that the original orphan medicinal product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity. JZP-416 has received orphan drug designation for the treatment of ALL from the EMA subject to certain conditions. Defibrotide has received orphan drug designation to treat and prevent VOD from the EMA and the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The Commonwealth of Australia-Department of Health has granted defibrotide orphan drug designation for the treatment of VOD. In addition, the EMA also granted orphan drug designation to defibrotide for the prevention of GvHD, another potentially fatal complication of HSCT.

Post-Approval Regulation

After approval, certain changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, making certain manufacturing changes, modifying a REMS or making certain additional labeling claims, are subject to further regulatory review and approval. Obtaining approval for a new indication generally requires that additional clinical studies be conducted.

Often, even after a drug or biologic has been approved by the FDA for sale, the FDA may require that certain post-approval requirements be satisfied, including the conduct of additional clinical studies and trials. If such post-approval conditions are not satisfied, the FDA may impose civil money penalties, declare the product misbranded or prohibit the introduction of the drug in interstate commerce. Holders of an approved NDA or BLA are required to: report certain adverse reactions to the FDA; comply with certain requirements concerning advertising and promotional labeling for their products; submit drug safety or adverse event reports; and continue to have quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to cGMP after approval. For example, the FDA’s approval of the BLA for Erwinaze includes a number of post-marketing commitments related to the manufacture of Erwinaze by us and the PHE.

Similarly, outside of the United States, we are subject to a variety of post-authorization regulations, including with respect to clinical studies, product manufacturing, advertising and promotion, distribution, and safety reporting. For example, the marketing authorization in the EU for Defitelio was granted under exceptional circumstances and requires us to comply with a number of post-marketing obligations, including obligations relating to the manufacturing of the drug substance and finished product, the submission of data concerning patients treated with the product collected through a third-party patient registry and the establishment of a multi-center, multinational and prospective observational patient registry.

We monitor adverse events resulting from the use of our commercial products, as do the regulatory authorities, and we file periodic reports with the authorities concerning adverse events. The FDA also periodically inspects the sponsor’s records related to safety reporting. Following such inspections, the FDA may issue notices on Form FDA 483 and warning letters that could cause us to modify certain activities. A Form FDA 483 notice, if issued at the conclusion of an FDA inspection, can list conditions the FDA investigators believe may have violated relevant FDA regulations or guidance. Failure to adequately and

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promptly correct the observation(s) can result in further regulatory enforcement action. For example, in April 2014, we received a Form FDA 483 at the conclusion of a pharmacovigilance inspection conducted by the FDA. The Form FDA 483 included observations relating to certain aspects of our adverse drug experience, or ADE, reporting system for all of our products, including Xyrem. We responded to the Form FDA 483 with a description of the corrective actions and improvements we had implemented before or shortly following the inspection and additional improvements that we planned to implement, and have now implemented, to address the observations in the Form FDA 483. In August 2014, the FDA issued an Establishment Inspection Report to us, which indicates that the inspection is closed.

The authorities review these events and reports, and if they determine that any events and/or reports indicate a trend or signal, they can require a change in a product label, restrict sales and marketing and/or require or conduct other actions, potentially including withdrawal or suspension of the product from the market. From time to time, the FDA issues drug safety communications on its adverse event reporting system based on its review of reported adverse events. In December 2012, the FDA issued a drug safety communication reminding physicians and patients that the use of Xyrem with alcohol or central nervous system depressants can impair consciousness and lead to severe breathing problems. At that time, we agreed with the FDA on a change to our label that included a new contraindication for the use of alcohol with Xyrem. See also the risk factor in Part 1, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “The manufacture, distribution and sale of Xyrem are subject to significant regulatory oversight and restrictions and the requirements of a risk management program, and these restrictions and requirements, as well as the potential impact of changes to these restrictions and requirements, subject us to increased risks and uncertainties, any of which could negatively impact sales of Xyrem.”

The holder of an EU marketing authorization for a medicinal product must also comply with the EU’s new pharmacovigilance legislation which entails many new and revised requirements for conducting pharmacovigilance, or the assessment and monitoring of the safety of medicinal products. This new legislation enhanced the authority of the EMA and the competent authorities of the EU member states to require companies to conduct additional post-approval clinical efficacy and safety studies and increased the burden on companies with respect to additional monitoring, adverse event management and reporting. As part of the legislation and its related regulations and guidelines, marketing authorization holders may be required to conduct a labor intensive collection of data regarding the risks and benefits of marketed products and may be required to engage in ongoing assessments of those risks and benefits, including the possible requirement to conduct additional clinical studies, which may be time consuming and expensive and could impact profitability. The EMA reviews periodic safety update reports submitted by marketing authorization holders. If the EMA has concerns that the risk benefit profile of a product has varied, it can adopt an opinion advising that the existing marketing authorization for the product be varied and requiring the marketing authorization holder to conduct post-authorization safety studies. The opinion is then submitted for approval by the EC. Non-compliance with such obligations can lead to the variation, suspension or withdrawal of marketing authorization or imposition of financial penalties or other enforcement measures.

The manufacturing process for pharmaceutical products is highly regulated and regulators may shut down manufacturing facilities that they believe do not comply with regulations. We and our third party manufacturers are subject to cGMP, which are extensive regulations governing manufacturing processes, stability testing, record keeping and quality standards as defined by the FDA, the EMA, the competent authorities of EU member states and other regulatory authorities. The FDA also periodically inspects the sponsor’s records related to manufacturing facilities, which effort includes assessment of compliance with cGMP. Following such inspections, the FDA may also issue notices on Form FDA 483 and warning letters. For example, the FDA inspected the PHE facility where Erwinaze is manufactured in January 2015 and issued a Form FDA 483 with observations relating to the manufacturing process. We and our third party manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance. In addition to Form FDA 483 notices and warning letters, failure to comply with the statutory and regulatory requirements may result in suspension of manufacturing, product seizure, withdrawal of the product from the market, criminal penalties, and withdrawal of approved products, among other enforcement remedies. Marketing authorization holders may also be subject to civil, criminal or administrative sanctions in case of non-compliance with the EU or EU member states’ requirements applicable to the manufacturing and marketing of medicinal products.

Irrespective of the different marketing authorization procedures, various additional requirements apply to the manufacturing and placing on the EU market of medicinal products. The manufacturing of medicinal products in the EU requires a manufacturing authorization, and the manufacturing authorization holder must comply with various requirements set out in the applicable EU laws, regulations and guidance. These requirements include compliance with EU equivalent cGMP standards when manufacturing medicinal products and active pharmaceutical ingredients, including the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients outside of the EU with the intention to import the active pharmaceutical ingredients into the EU. Similarly, the distribution of medicinal products into and within the EU is subject to compliance with the applicable EU laws, regulations and guidelines, including the requirement to hold appropriate authorizations for distribution granted by the competent authorities of the EU member states.

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United States Healthcare Reform

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, together the Healthcare Reform Act, is a sweeping measure intended to expand healthcare coverage within the United States, primarily through the imposition of health insurance mandates on employers and individuals and expansion of the Medicaid program. This law substantially changes the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impacts the pharmaceutical industry. The Healthcare Reform Act contains a number of provisions that may impact our business and operations, in some cases in ways we cannot currently predict. Changes that may affect our business include those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes, benefits for patients within a coverage gap in the Medicare Part D prescription drug program (commonly known as the “donut hole”), rules regarding prescription drug benefits under the health insurance exchanges, changes to the Medicare Drug Rebate program, expansion of the Public Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program, or 340B program, fraud and abuse and enforcement. These changes impact existing government healthcare programs and are resulting in the development of new programs, including Medicare payment for performance initiatives and improvements to the physician quality reporting system and feedback program. Details of the changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program and the 340B program are discussed under “Business—Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Some states have elected not to expand their Medicaid programs by raising the income limit to 133% of the federal poverty level, as is permitted under the Healthcare Reform Act. For each state that does not choose to expand its Medicaid program, there may be fewer insured patients overall, which could impact our sales, business and financial condition. Where Medicaid patients receive insurance coverage under any of the new options made available through the Healthcare Reform Act, the possibility exists that manufacturers may be required to pay Medicaid rebates on drugs used under these circumstances, a decision that could impact manufacturer revenues. In addition, the federal government has also announced delays in the implementation of key provisions of the Healthcare Reform Act, including the employer mandate. The implications of these delays for our sales, business and financial condition, if any, are not yet clear.

Moreover, legislative changes to the Healthcare Reform Act remain possible. We expect that the Healthcare Reform Act, as currently enacted or as it may be amended in the future, and other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our industry generally and on our ability to maintain or increase sales of our existing products or to successfully commercialize our product candidates, if approved.

Other Regulatory Requirements

We are also subject to regulation by other regional, national, state and local agencies, including the DEA, the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, the U.S. Department of Commerce, or DOC, the Office of Inspector General, or OIG, of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, and other regulatory bodies. In addition to the FDCA, other statutes and regulations govern to varying degrees the research, development, manufacturing and commercial activities relating to prescription pharmaceutical products, including preclinical testing, approval, production, labeling, sale, distribution, import, export, post-market surveillance, advertising, dissemination of information, promotion, marketing, and pricing to government purchasers and government healthcare programs. Our partners, including our suppliers, manufacturers and distributors and the central pharmacy for Xyrem, are subject to many of the same requirements.

Controlled Substance Regulations

The DEA imposes various quota, registration, recordkeeping and reporting requirements, labeling and packaging requirements, importing, exporting, security controls and a restriction on prescription refills on certain pharmaceutical products under the CSA. The states also impose similar requirements for handling controlled substances. A principal factor in determining the particular requirements, if any, applicable to a product is the actual or potential abuse profile. Sodium oxybate, in the form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, is regulated by the DEA as a Schedule I controlled substance, a category reserved for products believed to present the highest risk of substance abuse and with no approved medicinal use. When contained in Xyrem, sodium oxybate is regulated as a Schedule III controlled substance.

The DEA limits the quantity of certain Schedule I controlled substances that may be produced in the United States in any given calendar year through a quota system. Our supplier of sodium oxybate, as well as our finished product manufacturer, must each obtain separate DEA quotas in order to supply us with sodium oxybate and Xyrem. Since the DEA typically grants quotas on an annual basis, our sodium oxybate supplier and Xyrem manufacturer are required to request and justify allocation of sufficient annual DEA quotas as well as additional DEA quotas if our commercial or clinical requirements exceed the allocated quotas throughout the year. In the past, we have had to engage in lengthy efforts to obtain the needed quotas after the original annual quotas had first been allocated. For 2015, both our active pharmaceutical ingredient supplier and finished product manufacturer have been allocated most, but not all, of their respective requested quotas. If, in the future, we and our supplier and manufacturer cannot obtain the quotas that are needed on a timely basis, or at all, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

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As a Schedule III drug, Xyrem is also subject to DEA and state regulations relating to manufacturing, storage, distribution and physician prescription procedures, including limitations on prescription refills.

The third parties who perform our clinical and commercial manufacturing, distribution, dispensing and clinical studies for Xyrem are required to maintain necessary DEA registrations and state licenses. The DEA periodically inspects facilities for compliance with its rules and regulations. Failure to comply with current and future regulations of the DEA or relevant state authorities could lead to a variety of sanctions, including revocation or denial of renewal of DEA registrations, fines, injunctions, or civil or criminal penalties, and could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

The United States and the EU member states are parties to the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971), or the 1971 Convention. In October 2012, the World Health Organization, or the WHO, sent a recommendation to the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, or the CND, to reschedule gamma-hydroxybutyrate, or GHB, under the 1971 Convention from its current Schedule IV status to Schedule II status. In March 2013, the CND voted to reschedule GHB from Schedule IV to Schedule II under the 1971 Convention. While the DEA imposes its own scheduling requirements in the United States under the CSA, the United States is obligated as a signatory to the 1971 Convention to ensure that drug scheduling in the United States is consistent with its obligations under the international treaties. Because sodium oxybate, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in Xyrem, is a derivative of GHB, the international rescheduling of GHB means that Xyrem and/or sodium oxybate may be subject to more restrictive registration, recordkeeping, reporting, importing, exporting and other requirements in the EU and certain other countries than the restrictions currently in place. In the United States, under DEA regulations, the Xyrem finished product is currently classified as a Schedule III controlled substance, with sodium oxybate, classified as a Schedule I controlled substance. Although the HHS has taken the position in the past that the United States would not be required to alter the domestic control of GHB should it be rescheduled to Schedule II under the 1971 Convention, we cannot guarantee that international rescheduling of GHB from Schedule IV to Schedule II will not impact restrictions on Xyrem in the United States. Failure by us or any of our partners, including suppliers, manufacturers and distributors, to comply with such requirements could result in, among other things, additional operating costs to us, delays in shipments outside or into the United States and adverse regulatory actions.

Sales and Marketing Regulations

We are also subject to various U.S. federal and state laws restricting certain marketing practices in the pharmaceutical industry, including anti-kickback laws and false claims laws. The U.S. federal healthcare program anti-kickback statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other federally financed healthcare programs. Liability under the federal anti-kickback statute may be established without a person or entity having actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it. Violations of the federal anti-kickback statute may be punished by civil and criminal fines, imprisonment, and/or exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. The U.S. federal False Claims Act, or the False Claims Act, prohibits, among other things, any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment of federal funds, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to get a false claim paid. Violations of the False Claims Act may be punished by significant financial penalties. In addition, the Physician Payment Sunshine provisions of the Healthcare Reform Act require extensive tracking of payments and transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals and public reporting of the data collected.

The majority of states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti-kickback law and the False Claims Act, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. A number of states now require pharmaceutical companies to report expenses relating to the marketing and promotion of pharmaceutical products and to report gifts and payments to individual physicians in the states. Other states restrict when pharmaceutical companies may provide meals to prescribers or engage in other marketing related activities. Some states require the posting of information relating to clinical studies and their outcomes. In addition, California, Connecticut, Massachusetts and Nevada require pharmaceutical companies to implement compliance programs or marketing codes of conduct. Other states have considered similar proposals in recent years and may adopt them in the future. Non-U.S. governments often have similar regulations which we are also subject to in those countries where we market and sell products.

The number and complexity of both U.S. federal and state laws continue to increase, and additional governmental resources are being added to enforce these laws and to prosecute companies and individuals who are believed to be violating them. See more discussions regarding these laws and regulations under the risk factor in Part 1, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “We are subject to significant ongoing regulatory obligations and oversight, which may result in significant additional expense and limit our ability to commercialize our products—Other Regulatory Authorities.”

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such communications may not be considered final agency decisions, companies may decide not to contest the agency’s interpretations so as to avoid disputes with the FDA, even if they believe the claims to be truthful, not misleading and otherwise lawful.

The FDA, the competent authorities of the EU member states and other governmental authorities also actively investigate allegations of off-label promotion activities in order to enforce regulations prohibiting these types of activities. A company that is found to have promoted an approved product for off-label uses may be subject to significant liability, including civil and administrative financial penalties and other remedies as well as criminal financial penalties and other sanctions. Even when a company is not determined to have engaged in off-label promotion, the allegation from government authorities or market participants that a company has engaged in such activities could have a significant impact on the company’s sales, business and financial condition. The U.S. government has also required companies that have engaged in such activities to enter into complex corporate integrity agreements and/or non-prosecution agreements that impose significant reporting and other burdens on the affected companies. For example, a predecessor company to Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was investigated for off-label promotion of Xyrem, and, while Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was not prosecuted, as part of the settlement Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. entered into a corporate integrity agreement with the OIG which extended through mid-2012. The investigation resulted in significant fines and penalties, which Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. has paid, and the corporate integrity agreement required us to maintain a comprehensive compliance program. For all of our products, it is important that we maintain a comprehensive compliance program. Failure to maintain a comprehensive and effective compliance program, and to integrate the operations of acquired businesses into a combined comprehensive and effective compliance program on a timely basis, could subject us to a range of regulatory actions that could affect our ability to commercialize our products and could harm or prevent sales of the affected products, or could substantially increase the costs and expenses of commercializing and marketing our products.

In the EU, the advertising and promotion of our products are subject to EU member states’ laws governing promotion of medicinal products, interactions with physicians, misleading and comparative advertising and unfair commercial practices. In addition, other legislation adopted by individual EU member states may apply to the advertising and promotion of medicinal products. These laws require that promotional materials and advertising in relation to medicinal products comply with the product’s Summary of Product Characteristics, or SmPC, as approved by the competent authorities. The SmPC is the document that provides information to physicians concerning the safe and effective use of the medicinal product. It forms an intrinsic and integral part of the marketing authorization granted for the medicinal product. Promotion of a medicinal product that does not comply with the SmPC is considered to constitute off-label promotion. The off-label promotion of medicinal products is prohibited in the EU. The applicable laws at EU level and in the individual EU member states also prohibit the direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription-only medicinal products. Violations of the rules governing the promotion of medicinal products in the EU could be penalized by administrative measures, fines and imprisonment. These laws may further limit or restrict the advertising and promotion of our products to the general public and may also impose limitations on our promotional activities with health care professionals.

To help patients afford our products, we have various programs to assist them, including patient assistance programs, a Xyrem free product voucher program and co-pay coupon programs for certain products. These programs and related risks are discussed in greater detail under the risk factor in Part 1, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “Changes in healthcare law and implementing regulations, including those based on recently enacted legislation, as well as changes in healthcare policy, may impact our business in ways that we cannot currently predict and these changes could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.”

Anti-Corruption Legislation

Our business activities outside of the United States are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and similar anti-bribery or anti-corruption laws, regulations, industry self-regulation codes of conduct and physicians’ codes of professional conduct or rules of other countries in which we operate, including the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010, or the UK Bribery Act. The FCPA and similar anti-corruption laws generally prohibit the offering, promising, giving, or authorizing others to give anything of value, either directly or indirectly, to non-U.S. government officials in order to improperly influence any act or decision, secure an improper advantage, or obtain or retain business. Excepted from the FCPA are payments to facilitate or expedite routine government action and bona fide, reasonable reimbursement of expenses. The FCPA also requires public companies to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect the transactions of the company and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. The UK Bribery Act prohibits giving, offering, or promising bribes to any person, including non-UK government officials and private persons, as well as requesting, agreeing to receive, or accepting bribes from any person. In addition, under the UK Bribery Act, companies which carry on a business or part of a business in the UK may be held liable for bribes given, offered or promised to any person, including non-UK government officials and private persons, by employees and persons associated with the company in order to obtain or retain business or a business advantage for the company. Liability is strict, with no element of a corrupt state of mind, but a defense of having in place adequate procedures designed to prevent bribery is available. Furthermore, under the UK Bribery Act there is no exception for facilitation payments. As described above, our business is heavily regulated and therefore involves significant interaction with public officials, including officials of non-U.S. governments. Additionally, in many other countries, the health

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care providers who prescribe pharmaceuticals are employed by their government, and the purchasers of pharmaceuticals are government entities; therefore, our dealings with these prescribers and purchasers may be subject to the FCPA. Recently the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, and the DOJ have increased their FCPA enforcement activities with respect to pharmaceutical companies. In addition, under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or Dodd-Frank Act, private individuals who report to the SEC original information that leads to successful enforcement actions may be eligible for a monetary award. We are engaged in ongoing efforts that are designed to ensure our compliance with these laws, including due diligence, training, policies, procedures, and internal controls. However, there is no certainty that all employees and third party business partners (including our distributors, wholesalers, agents, contractors, and other partners) will comply with anti-bribery laws. In particular, we do not control the actions of manufacturers and other third party agents, although we may be liable for their actions. Violation of these laws may result in civil or criminal sanctions, which could include monetary fines, criminal penalties, and disgorgement of past profits, which could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial condition.

Data Privacy and Protection

EU member states and other jurisdictions have adopted data protection laws and regulations, which impose significant compliance obligations. For example, the EU Data Protection Directive, as implemented into national laws by the EU member states, imposes strict obligations and restrictions on the ability to collect, analyze and transfer personal data, including health data from clinical trials and adverse event reporting. Furthermore, there is a development toward the public disclosure of clinical trial data in the EU which also adds to the complexity of processing health data from clinical trials. Such public disclosure obligations are provided in the new EU Clinical Trials Regulation, EMA disclosure initiatives and voluntary commitments by industry. Data protection authorities from the different EU member states may interpret the EU Data Protection Directive and national laws differently, which adds to the complexity of processing personal data in the EU, and guidance on implementation and compliance practices are often updated or otherwise revised. Failing to comply with these laws could lead to government enforcement actions and significant penalties against us, and adversely impact our operating results. The EU Data Protection Directive prohibits the transfer of personal data to countries outside of the European Economic Area, or EEA, that are not considered by the EC to provide an adequate level of data protection, including the United States. There are also similar data transfer restrictions in Switzerland. However, there are a number of legal mechanisms to allow for the transfer of personal data from the EEA and Switzerland to the United States, including, among others, a voluntary U.S. - EU Safe Harbor Framework, a voluntary U.S. - Switzerland Safe Harbor Framework and the EU’s set of standard form contractual clauses for the transfer of personal data outside of the EEA. Our United States subsidiary, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc., has certified compliance with the U.S. - EU Safe Harbor Framework and the U.S. - Switzerland Safe Harbor Framework through the DOC. A proposal for an EU Data Protection Regulation, intended to replace the current EU Data Protection Directive, is currently under consideration and, if adopted, could lead to additional and stricter requirements and penalties in the event of non-compliance.

Additional requirements and restrictions regarding, among other things, the export and importation of products, intellectual property rights, the environment, taxation and work safety apply in individual countries, and non-compliance with such requirements may result in civil, criminal or administrative sanctions.

Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement

Our ability to commercialize our products successfully, and to attract commercialization partners for our products, depends in significant part on the availability of adequate financial coverage and reimbursement from third party payors, including, in the United States, governmental payors such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs, managed care organizations, and private health insurers. Both Medicare and Medicaid are administered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS. In 2012, the CMS issued proposed regulations to implement the changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program under the Healthcare Reform Act but has not yet issued final regulations. The CMS is currently scheduled to issue final regulations in April 2015.

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Political, economic and regulatory influences are subjecting the healthcare industry in the United States to fundamental changes. There have been, and we expect there will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in ways that could impact our ability to sell our products profitably. We expect to experience pricing pressure in the United States in connection with the sale of our products due to managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative proposals. We anticipate that the U.S. Congress, state legislatures and the private sector will continue to consider and may adopt healthcare policies intended to curb rising healthcare costs. These cost containment measures include: controls on government-funded reimbursement for drugs; new or increased requirements to pay prescription drug rebates to government health care programs, controls on healthcare providers; challenges to the pricing of drugs or limits or prohibitions on reimbursement for specific products through other means; requirements to try less expensive products or generics before a more expensive branded product; changes in drug importation laws; expansion of use of managed care systems in which healthcare providers contract to provide comprehensive healthcare for a fixed cost per person; and public funding for cost effectiveness research, which may be used by government and private third party payors to make coverage and payment decisions. For example, much attention has been paid to legislation proposing federal rebates on Medicare Part D and Medicare Advantage utilization for drugs issued to certain groups of lower income beneficiaries and the desire to change the provisions that treat these dual-eligible patients differently from traditional Medicare patients. Any such changes could have a negative impact on revenues from sales of our products.

In addition, beginning April 1, 2013, Medicare payments for all items and services, including drugs and biologics, were reduced by 2% under the sequestration (i.e., automatic spending reductions) required by the Budget Control Act of 2011, as amended by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012. The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 extended the 2% reduction to 2023, and the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 extended the 2% reduction, on average, to 2024. These cuts reduce reimbursement payments related to our products, which could potentially negatively impact our revenue.

Third party payors decide which drugs they will pay for and establish reimbursement and co-pay levels. Third party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services and examining their cost effectiveness, in addition to their safety and efficacy. We may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the cost effectiveness of our products. Even with studies, our products may be considered less safe, less effective or less cost-effective than other products, and third party payors may not provide coverage and reimbursement for our products or any of our product candidates that we commercialize, in whole or in part. The process for determining whether a payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the price or reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product once coverage is approved. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the approved products for a particular indication. For example, third party payors have started to require discounts and/or exclusivity arrangements with some drug manufacturers in exchange for including a specific product on their formularies. Any such requirements could have a negative impact on revenues from sales of our products.

We participate in and have certain price reporting obligations to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, several state Medicaid supplemental rebate programs and other governmental pricing programs, and we have obligations to report the average sales price for the Medicare program. Under the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, we are required to pay a rebate to each state Medicaid program for our covered outpatient drugs that are dispensed to Medicaid beneficiaries and paid for by a state Medicaid program as a condition of having federal funds being made available to the states for our drugs under Medicaid and Part B of the Medicare program. Those rebates are based on pricing data reported by us on a monthly and quarterly basis to the CMS. These data include the average manufacturer price and, in the case of innovator products, the best price for each drug which, in general, represents the lowest price available from the manufacturer to any entity in the United States in any pricing structure, calculated to include all sales and associated rebates, discounts and other price concessions. The status of price reporting submissions for two radiopharmaceutical products is discussed under the risk factor in Part 1, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “If we fail to comply with our reporting and payment obligations under the Medicaid Drug Rebate program or other governmental pricing programs, we could be subject to additional reimbursement requirements, penalties, sanctions and fines, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.” In addition, a significant portion of our revenue from sales of Erwinaze is obtained through government payors, including Medicaid, and any failure to qualify for reimbursement for Erwinaze under those programs would have a material adverse effect on revenues from sales of Erwinaze.

Federal law also requires that a company that participates in the Medicaid rebate program report the average sales price information each quarter to CMS for certain categories of drugs that are paid under Part B of the Medicare program.

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Manufacturers calculate the average sales price based on a statutorily defined formula and interpretations of the statute by CMS. CMS uses these submissions to determine payment rates for drugs under Medicare Part B for our products and the resulting Medicare payment rate, and could negatively impact our results of operations.

Federal law requires that any company that participates in the Medicaid rebate program also participate in the Public Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program in order for federal funds to be available for the manufacturer’s drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. The 340B pricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to charge statutorily-defined covered entities no more than the 340B “ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. These 340B covered entities include a variety of community health clinics and other entities that receive health services grants from the Public Health Service, as well as hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low-income patients. The 340B ceiling price is calculated using a statutory formula, which is based on the average manufacturer price and rebate amount for the covered outpatient drug as calculated under the Medicaid rebate program. Changes to the definition of average manufacturer price and the Medicaid rebate amount under the Healthcare Reform Act and CMS’s issuance of final regulations implementing those changes also could affect our 340B ceiling price calculations and negatively impact our results of operations.

In order to be eligible to have our products paid for with federal funds under the Medicaid and Medicare Part B programs and purchased by certain federal agencies, we participate in the Department of Veterans Affairs, or VA, Federal Supply Schedule, or FSS, pricing program. Under this program, we are obligated to make our product available for procurement on an FSS contract and charge a price to four federal agencies - the VA, U.S. Department of Defense, or DoD, Public Health Service and Coast Guard - that is no higher than the statutory Federal Ceiling Price, or FCP. The FCP is based on the non-federal average manufacturer price, or Non-FAMP, which we calculate and report to the VA on a quarterly and annual basis. We also participate in the Tricare Retail Pharmacy program, under which we pay quarterly rebates on utilization of innovator products that are dispensed through the Tricare Retail Pharmacy network to Tricare beneficiaries. The rebates are calculated as the difference between the annual Non-FAMP and FCP.

Outside of the United States, political, economic and regulatory developments are also subjecting the healthcare industry to fundamental changes and challenges. Pressure by governments and other stakeholders on prices and reimbursement levels continue to exist. In various EU member states we expect to be subject to continuous cost-cutting measures, such as lower maximum prices, lower or lack of reimbursement coverage and incentives to use cheaper, usually generic, products as an alternative. Health Technology Assessment, or HTA, of medicinal products is becoming an increasingly common part of the pricing and reimbursement procedures in some EU member states. These EU member states include the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Sweden. The HTA process, which is governed by the national laws of these countries, is the procedure according to which the assessment of the public health impact, therapeutic impact and the economic and societal impact of use of a given medicinal product in the national healthcare systems of the individual country is conducted. HTA generally focuses on the clinical efficacy and effectiveness, safety, cost, and cost-effectiveness of individual medicinal products, as well as their potential implications for the healthcare system. Those elements of medicinal products are compared with other treatment options available on the market. The outcome of HTA regarding specific medicinal products will often influence the pricing and reimbursement status granted to these medicinal products by the competent authorities of individual EU member states. For example, France requires the evaluation of the medical benefits of a new product as well as the added clinical value of a new product in comparison with existing therapies, and we are evaluating the impact of this evaluation on our ability to obtain favorable pricing and reimbursement for Defitelio in France. If we are unable to ultimately obtain favorable pricing and reimbursement approvals in countries that represent significant markets, including France, especially where a country’s reimbursed price influences other countries, our growth prospects in Europe could be negatively affected.

In the EU, our products are marketed through various channels and within different legal frameworks. In certain EU member states, reimbursement for unauthorized products is provided through national named patient or compassionate use programs. Such reimbursement may no longer be available if authorization for named patient or compassionate use programs expire or are terminated. In other EU member states, authorization and reimbursement policies may also delay commercialization of our products, or may adversely affect our ability to sell our products on a profitable basis. After initial price and reimbursement approvals, reductions in prices and changes in reimbursement levels can be triggered by multiple factors, including reference pricing systems and publication of discounts by third party payors or authorities in other countries. In the EU, prices can be reduced further by parallel distribution and parallel trade, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states.

We are unable to predict what additional legislation, regulations or policies, if any, relating to the healthcare industry or third party coverage and reimbursement may be enacted in the future or what effect such legislation, regulations or policies would have on our business. Any cost containment measures, including those listed above, or other healthcare system reforms that are adopted, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to operate profitably in the EU.

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Employees

As of February 18, 2015, we had approximately 870 employees worldwide. We consider our employee relations to be good.

Environment, Health and Safety

For our facility in Italy, we have obtained certification under the UNI EN ISO 14001 Standard for our environmental management system and have an Eco-management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). Our environmental policy for our Italian facility is designed to comply with current EU laws and regulations on environmental protection, to provide for continuous improvement of our manufacturing performance, to protect our employees’ health, to protect the safety of people working at the location and to respect the safety of people living close to our facility and in the surrounding community.

About Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc

Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc was originally formed under the laws of Ireland (registered number 399192) as a private limited liability company in March 2005 under the name Azur Pharma Limited, and was subsequently re-registered as a public limited company under the name Azur Pharma Public Limited Company, or Azur Pharma, in October 2011. On January 18, 2012, the business of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Azur Pharma were combined in a merger transaction, in connection with which Azur Pharma was re-named Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc and we became the parent company of and successor to Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. We refer to this transaction as the Azur Merger.

Our predecessor, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc., was originally incorporated in California in March 2003 and was reincorporated in Delaware in January 2004. In the Azur Merger, all outstanding shares of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s common stock were canceled and converted into the right to receive, on a one-for-one basis, our ordinary shares.

On June 12, 2012, we completed the acquisition of EUSA Pharma Inc., or EUSA Pharma, which we refer to as the EUSA Acquisition. In January 2014, we completed the Gentium Acquisition.

Available Information

We file or furnish pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act, as applicable, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, amendments to those reports, proxy statements and other information electronically with the SEC. Further copies of these reports are located at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding our filings, at www.sec.gov.

The mailing address of our headquarters is Fourth Floor, One Burlington Road, Dublin 4, Ireland, and our telephone number at that location is 353-1-634-7800. Our website is www.jazzpharmaceuticals.com. Through a link entitled “SEC Filings” under the “Investors & Media” section of our website, we make copies of our periodic and current reports, proxy statements and other information available, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Information found on, or accessible through, our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Item 1A.	Risk Factors

We have identified the following risks and uncertainties that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. The risks described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also significantly impair our business operations. Our business could be harmed by any of these risks. The trading price of our ordinary shares could decline due to any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment. In assessing these risks, you should also refer to the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes.

Risks Relating to Xyrem and the Significant Impact of Xyrem Sales

Xyrem is our largest selling product, and our inability to maintain or increase sales of Xyrem would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Xyrem is our largest selling product and our financial results are significantly influenced by sales of Xyrem, which accounted for 67.0% of our net product sales for the year ended December 31, 2014 and 65.8% of our net product sales for the year ended December 31, 2013. Our future plans assume that sales of Xyrem will increase. While Xyrem product sales grew from 2012 to 2013 and from 2013 to 2014, we cannot assure you that we can maintain sales of Xyrem at or near current levels, or that Xyrem sales will continue to grow. We have periodically increased the price of Xyrem, most recently in February 2015, and we cannot assure you that price adjustments we have taken or may take in the future will not negatively affect Xyrem sales volumes.

In addition to other risks described herein, our ability to maintain or increase Xyrem product sales is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, the most important of which are discussed below, including those related to:


•	the potential introduction of a generic version of Xyrem or an alternative sodium oxybate product for treating cataplexy and/or EDS in narcolepsy;


•	changed or increased regulatory restrictions, including changes to our risk management program and the terms of the final REMS documents for Xyrem, and the pressure to develop a single shared system REMS with potential generic competitors, or regulatory actions by the FDA, as discussed in more detail in the risk factors below;


•	our manufacturing partners’ ability to obtain sufficient quota from the DEA to satisfy our needs for Xyrem;


•	any supply, manufacturing or distribution problems arising with any of our manufacturing and distribution partners, all of whom are sole source providers for us;

•

any increase in restrictive conditions for reimbursement required by, and the availability of reimbursement from, third party payors, as discussed in more detail in the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “Price approvals and reimbursement may not be available for our products, which could diminish our sales or affect our ability to sell our products profitably;”


•	changes in healthcare laws and policy, including changes in requirements for rebates, reimbursement and coverage by federal healthcare programs;


•	continued acceptance of Xyrem as safe and effective by physicians and patients, even in the face of negative publicity that surfaces from time to time; and


•	changes to our label, including new safety warnings or changes to our boxed warning, that further restrict how we market and sell Xyrem.

These and the other risks described below related to Xyrem product sales and protection of our proprietary rights could have a material adverse effect on our ability to maintain or increase sales of Xyrem.

If sales of Xyrem were to decline significantly, we might need to reduce our operating expenses or to seek to raise additional funds, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects, or we might not be able to acquire, in-license or develop new products in the future to grow our business.

If generic versions of Xyrem or other sodium oxybate products that compete with Xyrem are approved and launched, sales of Xyrem would be adversely affected.

Although Xyrem is covered by patents covering its manufacture, formulation, distribution system and method of use, five third parties have filed ANDAs seeking FDA approval of generic versions of Xyrem, and additional third parties may also seek to introduce generic versions of Xyrem or other sodium oxybate products for treatment of cataplexy and/or EDS in narcolepsy. If one or more companies receive FDA approval of an ANDA for generic versions of Xyrem or an NDA for other sodium oxybate products, it is possible that such company or companies could introduce generic versions of Xyrem or other sodium oxybate products before our patents expire if they do not infringe our patents, if it is determined that our patents are invalid or

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unenforceable, or if such company or companies decide, before applicable ongoing patent litigation is concluded, to launch competition to Xyrem at risk of potentially being held liable for damages for patent infringement.

Five companies have sent us notices of Paragraph IV Certification that each has filed an ANDA with the FDA seeking approval to market a generic version of Xyrem before the expiration of the Orange Book-listed patents relating to Xyrem. We have sued all five ANDA filers seeking to prevent them from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe our patents, but we cannot assure you that any of the lawsuits will prevent the introduction of a generic version of Xyrem for any particular length of time, or at all. Additional ANDAs could also be filed requesting approval to market generic versions of Xyrem. If any of these applications is approved, and a generic version of Xyrem is introduced, our sales of Xyrem would be adversely affected. Although no trial date has been set in any of the ANDA suits, we anticipate that trial on some of the patents in the Roxane case could occur as early as the third quarter of 2015. However, the actual timing of events may be significantly earlier or later than we currently anticipate, and we cannot predict the timing or outcome of events in this or the other ANDA litigation.

In addition, between June and October 2014, petitions seeking CBM post-grant patent review by the PTAB were filed by certain of the ANDA filers with respect to the validity of six of our patents covering the distribution system for Xyrem. In early 2015, the PTAB issued decisions denying institution of CBM review for all of these petitions. In January 2015, petitions for IPR were filed by certain of the ANDA filers with respect to the validity of six of our patents covering the distribution system for Xyrem. The PTAB has not yet determined whether to institute proceedings with respect to the petitions for IPR. We cannot predict whether PTAB will institute any of the petitioned IPR proceedings, whether additional post-grant patent review challenges will be filed, the outcome of any IPR or other proceeding if instituted, or the impact any IPR or other proceeding might have on ongoing ANDA litigation proceedings.

In accordance with the Hatch-Waxman Act, as a result of our having filed a timely lawsuit against Roxane, FDA approval of Roxane’s ANDA was stayed until April 18, 2013, but that stay has expired. We do not know the status of Roxane’s ANDA and cannot predict what actions the FDA or Roxane may take with respect to Roxane’s ANDA. If Roxane’s ANDA is approved by the FDA, Roxane may seek to launch a generic version of Xyrem prior to a District Court, or potential appellate court, decision in our ongoing patent litigation. While, in the event of such commercialization, Roxane would be liable to us for damages in the event we ultimately prevail in the patent litigation, we expect that the introduction of generic competition for Xyrem would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. See the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “The manufacture, distribution and sale of Xyrem are subject to significant regulatory oversight and restrictions and the requirements of a risk management program, and these restrictions and requirements, as well as the potential impact of changes to these restrictions and requirements, subject us to increased risks and uncertainties, any of which could negatively impact sales of Xyrem.”

A generic manufacturer or manufacturer of an alternative sodium oxybate product would need to obtain quota from the DEA in order to manufacture both the active pharmaceutical ingredient and the finished product to compete with Xyrem. The DEA publishes an annual aggregate quota for the active pharmaceutical ingredient of Xyrem, and our supplier is required to request and justify allocation of sufficient annual manufacturing quota as well as additional manufacturing quota if needed throughout the year. Through 2011, our active pharmaceutical ingredient supplier obtained substantially all of the published annual aggregate quota for use in the manufacture of Xyrem. However, for the last few years, our supplier was allocated only a portion of the published annual aggregate quota for the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Consequently, a generic manufacturer or manufacturer of an alternative sodium oxybate product may be able to obtain a portion of the annual aggregate active pharmaceutical ingredient quota. In the past, we have also had to engage in lengthy efforts to obtain the needed quotas after the original annual quotas had first been allocated. For 2015, both our active pharmaceutical ingredient supplier and finished product manufacturer have been allocated most, but not all, of their respective requested quotas. If, in the future, we and our supplier and manufacturer cannot obtain the quotas that are needed on a timely basis, or at all, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

After any introduction of a generic competitor, a significant percentage of the prescriptions written for Xyrem may be filled with the generic version, resulting in a loss in sales of Xyrem. Generic competition often results in decreases in the prices at which branded products can be sold, particularly when there is more than one generic available in the marketplace. In

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addition, legislation enacted in the United States allows for, and in a few instances in the absence of specific instructions from the prescribing physician mandates, the dispensing of generic products rather than branded products where a generic version is available. We expect that generic competition for Xyrem would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

The manufacture, distribution and sale of Xyrem are subject to significant regulatory oversight and restrictions and the requirements of a risk management program, and these restrictions and requirements, as well as the potential impact of changes to these restrictions and requirements, subject us to increased risks and uncertainties, any of which could negatively impact sales of Xyrem.

As a condition of approval of Xyrem, the FDA mandated that we maintain the Xyrem Risk Management Program, which includes parts of the Xyrem Success Program and was required in conjunction with Xyrem’s approval by the FDA to ensure the safe distribution of Xyrem and minimize the risk of misuse, abuse and diversion of sodium oxybate. The Xyrem Risk Management Program includes a number of elements including patient and physician education, a database of information so that we may track and report certain information, and the use of a single central pharmacy to distribute Xyrem. Elements of the Xyrem Risk Management Program, adopted in 2002 before the FDA had authority to require REMS, are deemed to be an approved REMS pursuant to the FDAAA. The Xyrem Risk Management Program, however, is not in the form that is now required for REMS documents. The FDAAA, which amends the FDCA, requires that deemed REMS and related documents be updated to comply with the current requirements for REMS documents. We are engaged in ongoing communications with respect to ours REMS documents for Xyrem, but have not reached agreement with the FDA on certain significant terms. In late 2013, the FDA notified us that it would exercise its claimed authority to modify our REMS and that it would finalize the REMS as modified by the FDA unless we initiated dispute resolution procedures with respect to the modification of the Xyrem deemed REMS. Among other things, we disagree with the FDA’s position in the late 2013 notice that, as part of the current REMS process, the Xyrem deemed REMS should be modified to enable the distribution of Xyrem through more than one pharmacy, or potentially through retail pharmacies and wholesalers, as well as with certain modifications proposed by the FDA that would, in the FDA’s view, be sufficient to ensure that the REMS includes only those elements necessary to ensure that the benefits of Xyrem outweigh its risks, and that would, in the FDA’s view, reduce the burden on the healthcare system. Given these circumstances, we initiated dispute resolution procedures with the FDA at the end of February 2014. We received the FDA’s denial of our initial dispute resolution submission in the second quarter of 2014, and our dispute is currently subject to further supervisory review at the next administrative level of the FDA. We have received interim responses from the FDA, but the FDA has not yet communicated a decision on our further appeal to us. We expect to receive the FDA’s decision in the first quarter of 2015. We cannot predict whether, or on what terms, we will reach agreement with the FDA on final REMS documents for Xyrem, the outcome or timing of the current dispute resolution procedure, whether we will initiate additional dispute resolution proceedings with the FDA or other legal proceedings prior to finalizing the REMS documents, or the outcome or timing of any such proceedings. We expect that final REMS documents for Xyrem will include modifications to, and/or requirements that are not currently implemented in, the Xyrem Risk Management Program. Any such modifications or additional requirements could potentially make it more difficult or expensive for us to distribute Xyrem, make it easier for future generic competitors, and/or negatively affect sales of Xyrem.

Section 505-1(i)(1) of the FDCA generally provides that (i) an ANDA with a referenced drug subject to the REMS requirements is required to have a REMS with the same elements as the referenced drug, such as a medication guide, a patient package insert and other ETASU, and (ii) the ANDA drug and the referenced drug shall use a single shared system to assure safe use. However, the FDA may waive this requirement for a single shared system and permit the ANDA holder to submit separate but comparable REMS documents if the FDA either determines that the burden of creating a single shared system outweighs its benefit, or if the ANDA applicant certifies that it has been unable to obtain a license to any aspects of the REMS for the referenced drug product that are covered by a patent or a trade secret. The FDCA provides that the FDA may seek to negotiate a license between the ANDA sponsor and the sponsor of the listed product before granting a waiver of the single shared system requirement. Accordingly, we expect to face pressure to license or share our Xyrem Risk Management Program, which is the subject of multiple issued patents, or elements of it, with generic competitors. We cannot predict the outcome or impact on our business of any future action that we may take with respect to licensing or sharing our REMS, or the FDA’s response to a certification that a third party has been unable to obtain a license.

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the initial meeting, and we expect the interactions to continue. We cannot predict the timing, outcome or impact on our business of discussions with the FDA and/or any ANDA applicant with respect to the potential creation of a single shared system REMS for Xyrem (sodium oxybate), including the impact of the ongoing process with respect to potential modifications to the Xyrem deemed REMS as discussed above, or the impact of any single shared system REMS on our ongoing litigation with each of the ANDA applicants. See the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “We have incurred and expect to continue to incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patents, other intellectual property rights and related matters, and we may be unable to protect our rights to, or commercialize, our products.”

The FTC has been paying increasing attention to the use of REMS by companies selling branded products, in particular to whether REMS may be deliberately being used to reduce the risk of competition from generic drugs in a way that may be deemed to be anticompetitive. It is possible that the FTC or others could claim that our REMS or other practices are being used in an anticompetitive manner. The FDCA further states that a REMS shall not be used by an NDA holder to block or delay generic drugs from entering the market. Three of the ANDA applicants have asserted that our patents covering the distribution system for Xyrem should not have been listed in the Orange Book, and that the Xyrem REMS is blocking competition. We cannot predict the outcome of these claims in the ongoing litigation, or the impact of any similar claims that may be made in the future.

It is also possible that the FDA may take the position that a potential generic competitor does not need a REMS that has the same ETASU as our Xyrem deemed REMS in order to obtain approval of its ANDA. In the denial of our Citizen Petition described above, the FDA stated that if the FDA determines that an ANDA may be ready for approval before final approval of the REMS of a sponsor holding a deemed REMS, the FDA will direct the ANDA applicant to submit a proposed risk management plan with ETASU that are comparable to the ETASU that are approved for the referenced drug in order to have adequate risk management elements in place for the ANDA until the final REMS is approved. The legal basis for this position is uncertain. However, it is possible that the FDA may rely on this position as a basis to grant approval of an ANDA with a risk management plan rather than a final REMS. The 30-month stay of FDA approval of the ANDA filed by Roxane, the first ANDA filer, expired on April 18, 2013, and we have not yet received approval of final REMS documents for Xyrem. Accordingly, it is possible that, consistent with the position that the FDA articulated in its denial of our Citizen Petition, the FDA could approve an ANDA with a risk management plan that is separate from our Xyrem deemed REMS, rather than with a final REMS or a shared REMS for both the generic and Xyrem. We expect that the approval of an ANDA that results in the launch of a generic version of Xyrem would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. See the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “We have incurred and expect to continue to incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patents, other intellectual property rights and related matters, and we may be unable to protect our rights to, or commercialize, our products.”

Currently, our Xyrem deemed REMS requires that all of the Xyrem sold in the United States must be dispensed and shipped directly to patients through a single central pharmacy. The process under which patients receive Xyrem under our program is complex and includes multiple mandatory steps, such as the enrollment of the patient in the Xyrem Success Program and calls between the central pharmacy and the patient before each prescription of Xyrem is filled and sent to the patient. While we have an exclusive agreement with the central pharmacy for Xyrem, ESSDS, through June 2015, if the central pharmacy does not fulfill its contractual obligations to us, provides timely notice that it wants to terminate our agreement, refuses or fails to adequately serve patients, or fails to promptly and adequately address operational challenges, whether expected or unexpected, the fulfillment of Xyrem prescriptions and our sales would be adversely affected. If we change our central pharmacy, new contracts might be required with government and other insurers who pay for Xyrem, and the terms of any new contracts could be less favorable to us than current agreements. In addition, any new central pharmacy would need to be registered with the DEA and would also need to implement the particular processes, procedures and activities necessary to distribute Xyrem under our Xyrem Risk Management Program or any REMS that we are subject to in the future. Transitioning to a new pharmacy could result in product shortages, which would adversely affect sales of Xyrem in the United States, result in additional costs and expenses for us, and/or take a significant amount of time, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

As required by the FDA and other regulatory agencies, the adverse event information that we collect for Xyrem is regularly reported to the FDA and could result in the FDA requiring changes to the Xyrem label or taking or requiring us to take other actions that could have an adverse effect on Xyrem’s commercial success. Our Xyrem deemed REMS includes unique features that provide more extensive information about adverse events, including deaths, than is generally available for other products that are not subject to similar risk management programs. For example, in April 2011, we learned that deaths of

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patients who had been prescribed Xyrem between 2003 and 2010 had not always been reported to us by ESSDS and therefore to the FDA by us, as required. We reported these cases to the FDA when we discovered them, investigated the related data from ESSDS as well as additional data we gathered, and submitted an analysis of the data to the FDA. In October 2011, we received a warning letter from the FDA regarding certain aspects of our adverse event reporting system for Xyrem and drug safety procedures related to the deaths that we discovered in April 2011 which had not been reported. We completed the actions and submitted the data required to address the observations in the 2011 warning letter and arising from a subsequent inspection. In August 2013, we received a close-out letter from the FDA.

In April 2014, we received a Form FDA 483 at the conclusion of a pharmacovigilance inspection conducted by the FDA. The Form FDA 483 included observations relating to certain aspects of our adverse drug experience, or ADE, reporting system for all of our products, including Xyrem. We responded to the Form FDA 483 with a description of the corrective actions and improvements we had implemented before or shortly following the inspection and additional improvements that we planned to implement, and have now implemented, to address the observations in the Form FDA 483. In August 2014, the FDA issued an Establishment Inspection Report to us, which indicates that the inspection is closed. Although we have implemented improvements to our ADE reporting system, there can be no assurance that the FDA or other regulatory agencies will not identify additional matters in future pharmacovigilance inspections or that we will be able to adequately address any matters identified by the FDA or other regulatory agencies in the future, and the failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any failure to demonstrate our substantial compliance with applicable regulatory requirements to the satisfaction of the FDA or any other regulatory authority could result in such regulatory authorities taking actions in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on Xyrem sales and therefore on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. See also the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “We are subject to significant ongoing regulatory obligations and oversight, which may result in significant additional expense and limit our ability to commercialize our products.”

The FDA has required that Xyrem’s label include a boxed warning regarding the risk of abuse. A boxed warning is the strongest type of warning that the FDA can require for a drug product and warns prescribers that the drug carries a significant risk of serious or even life-threatening adverse effects. A boxed warning also means, among other things, that the product cannot be advertised through reminder ads, or ads that mention the pharmaceutical brand name but not the indication or medical condition it treats. We cannot predict whether the FDA will require additional warnings, including boxed warnings, to be included on Xyrem’s label. Moreover, Xyrem’s FDA approval under the FDA’s Subpart H regulations requires that all of the promotional materials for Xyrem be provided to the FDA for review at least 30 days prior to the intended time of first use. Warnings in the Xyrem label and any limitations on our ability to advertise and promote Xyrem may have affected, and could in the future negatively affect, Xyrem sales and therefore our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Risks Relating to Our Business

While Xyrem remains our largest product, our success also depends on our ability to effectively commercialize our other products. Our inability to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

In addition to Xyrem, we are commercializing a portfolio of products, including our other lead marketed products Erwinaze (called Erwinase in markets outside the United States) and Defitelio.

Erwinaze, a biologic product, is used in conjunction with chemotherapy to treat patients with ALL with hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase. Erwinaze is exclusively licensed to us, and manufactured for us, by PHE, was approved by the FDA under a BLA and was launched in the U.S. market in November 2011. It is also being sold under marketing authorizations, named patient programs, temporary use authorizations or similar authorizations in multiple countries in Europe and elsewhere.

Erwinaze represents an important part of our strategy to grow sales of our existing products. However, our ability to successfully and sustainably maintain or grow sales of Erwinaze is subject to a number of challenges, including the limited population of patients with ALL and the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to E. coli-derived asparaginase within that population, our ability to obtain clinical data on the use of Erwinaze in young adults age 18 to 39 with ALL who are hypersensitive to E. coli-derived asparaginase, as well as our need to apply for and receive marketing authorizations, through the EU’s, mutual recognition procedure or otherwise, in certain additional countries so we can launch promotional efforts in those countries. Another significant challenge to our ability to maintain the current sales level and to increase sales is our limited inventory of Erwinaze and our need to avoid supply interruptions of Erwinaze due to capacity constraints, production delays, quality challenges or other manufacturing difficulties. See the discussion regarding Erwinaze supply issues in the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “We depend on single source suppliers and manufacturers for each of our products, product candidates and their active pharmaceutical ingredients. The loss of any of these suppliers or

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manufacturers, or delays or problems in the supply or manufacture of our products for commercial sale or our product candidates for use in our clinical trials, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.”

We also face numerous other risks that may impact Erwinaze sales, including regulatory risks, the development of new asparaginase treatments that could reduce the rate of hypersensitivity in patients with ALL, the development of new treatment protocols for ALL that may not include asparaginase-containing regimens, difficulties with obtaining and maintaining favorable pricing and reimbursement arrangements and potential competition from future biosimilar products. In addition, if we fail to comply with our obligations under our agreement with PHE or lose exclusive rights to Erwinaze, or otherwise fail to maintain or grow sales of Erwinaze, our growth prospects could be negatively affected.

We made a significant investment in Defitelio/defibrotide in 2014, adding the product to our portfolio as a result of the Gentium Acquisition and then securing worldwide rights to the product by acquiring rights to defibrotide in the Americas in August 2014. Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from this investment is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including our ability to successfully maintain or grow sales of Defitelio in Europe, or obtain marketing approval of defibrotide in other countries, including the United States, so that we can commercialize the product in those countries. See the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “We may not be able to successfully maintain or grow sales of Defitelio in Europe, or obtain marketing approval of defibrotide in other countries, including the United States, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.”

We also face other challenges that could impact the anticipated value of Defitelio/defibrotide, including the limited size of the population of patients who undergo HSCT therapy and develop severe VOD, the need to establish U.S. pricing and reimbursement support for the product in the event we are able to obtain U.S. marketing approval for defibrotide, the possibility that we may be required to conduct time-consuming and costly clinical trials as a condition of any U.S. marketing approval for the product, the lack of experience of U.S. physicians in diagnosing and treating VOD, and challenges to our ability to develop the product for indications in addition to the treatment of severe VOD. If sales of Defitelio/defibrotide do not reach the levels we expect, our anticipated revenue from the product would be negatively affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Failure to maintain or increase prescriptions and revenue from sales of our products, including Erwinaze and Defitelio, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. We may choose to increase the price of our products, and we cannot assure you that price adjustments will not negatively affect our sales volumes. In addition, sales of Erwinaze may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter, depending on the number of patients receiving treatment, the availability of supply to meet the demand for the product, the dosing requirements of treated patients and other factors. The market price of our ordinary shares may decline if the sales of our products do not continue or grow at the rates anticipated by financial analysts or investors.

In addition, if we fail to obtain approvals for certain of our products in new indications or formulations, we will be unable to commercialize our products in new indications or formulations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We may not be able to successfully maintain or grow sales of Defitelio in Europe, or obtain marketing approval of defibrotide in other countries, including the United States, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We expect to continue to launch Defitelio in additional European countries on a rolling basis in 2015 and are in the process of making pricing and reimbursement submissions with respect to Defitelio, and discussing them with regulatory authorities, in those European countries where Defitelio is not yet launched, including in countries where pricing and reimbursement approvals are required for launch. We cannot predict the timing of Defitelio’s launch in countries where we are engaged in pricing and reimbursement submissions. If we experience delays and unforeseen difficulties in obtaining favorable pricing and reimbursement approvals, planned launches in the affected countries would be delayed, which could negatively impact anticipated revenue from Defitelio. Similarly, the process for obtaining pricing and reimbursement approvals is complex and can vary from country-to-country. For example, France requires the evaluation of the medical benefits of a new product as well as the added clinical value of a new product in comparison with existing therapies, and we are evaluating the impact of this evaluation on our ability to obtain favorable pricing and reimbursement in France. If we are unable to ultimately obtain favorable pricing and reimbursement approvals in countries that represent significant markets, including France, especially where a country’s reimbursed price influences other countries, our growth prospects in Europe could be negatively affected.

We have developed estimates of anticipated pricing, which are based on our research and understanding of the product and target market. However, due to efforts to provide for containment of health care costs, one or more countries may not support our estimated level of governmental pricing and reimbursement for Defitelio, particularly in light of the budget crises faced by a number of countries in Europe, which would negatively impact anticipated revenue from Defitelio. Furthermore,

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after initial price and reimbursement approvals, reductions in prices and changes in reimbursement levels can be triggered by multiple factors, including reference pricing systems and publication of discounts by third party payors or authorities in other countries. In the EU, prices can be reduced further by parallel distribution and parallel trade, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced countries. If any of these events occurs, our anticipated revenue from Defitelio would be negatively affected.

Due to the recent commercialization of Defitelio in Europe and the limited amount of historical sales data, our Defitelio sales will be difficult to predict from period to period, particularly since we may experience delays and unforeseen difficulties in obtaining favorable pricing and reimbursement approvals in additional countries. As a result, you should not rely on Defitelio sales results in any period as being indicative of future performance. In addition, if sales of Defitelio do not reach the levels we expect, our anticipated revenue from Defitelio would be negatively affected which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Defitelio was authorized under “exceptional circumstances” because it was not possible to obtain complete information about the product due to the rarity of the disease and because ethical considerations prevented conducting a study directly comparing Defitelio with best supportive care or a placebo. A marketing authorization granted under exceptional circumstances is subject to approval conditions and an annual reassessment of the risk-benefit balance by the EMA. As a result, if we fail to meet the approval condition for Defitelio, which requires that we set up a patient registry to investigate the long-term safety, health outcomes and patterns of utilization of Defitelio during normal use, or if it is determined that the balance of risks and benefits of using Defitelio changes materially, the EMA could vary, suspend or withdraw the marketing authorization for Defitelio. This could negatively impact our anticipated revenue from Defitelio and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

At the time of the Gentium Acquisition, Gentium had licensed to Sigma-Tau the rights to defibrotide for the treatment and prevention of VOD in North America, Central America and South America. We acquired these rights from Sigma-Tau in August 2014. Defibrotide has been, and continues to be, made available as an investigational drug to patients diagnosed with VOD in the United States through an expanded access treatment protocol open under an IND. We are engaged in activities related to the potential approval of defibrotide in the United States. A prior NDA submission by Gentium seeking approval in the United States for defibrotide for the treatment of VOD was voluntarily withdrawn from consideration in 2011 in order to address issues raised by the FDA. We held pre-NDA meetings with the FDA relating to our plans for the submission of an NDA for defibrotide for the treatment of severe VOD. Based on these meetings and in light of the current status of our acquisition and remediation of key information to be included in the data package for the NDA, in December 2014, we initiated a rolling submission of an NDA to the FDA and expect to complete the submission in mid-2015. We do not expect to be required to complete any additional clinical trials prior to the completion of the NDA submission. However, we may be unable to acquire and remediate key information in the data package in a timely manner, which would delay or preclude the completion of our NDA submission. Furthermore, if we fail to acquire and remediate key information or if analysis of this data does not support an NDA submission, we may be required to complete additional clinical trials in order to obtain appropriate data for an NDA submission. Even if we are able to complete the NDA submission as planned, we may be required to conduct time-consuming and costly clinical trials as a condition of any U.S. marketing approval for the product. In any event, we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval of defibrotide in the United States in a timely manner, if at all.

We are also assessing the potential for approval of defibrotide in other countries and for development of defibrotide in indications in addition to the treatment of severe VOD. We cannot know when, if ever, defibrotide will be approved in any other country or under what circumstances, and what, if any, additional clinical or other development activities will be required in order to potentially obtain such regulatory approval and the cost associated with such required activities, if any. If we fail to obtain approval for defibrotide in other countries or for new indications, our anticipated revenue from defibrotide and our growth prospects would be negatively affected.

The Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA, Gentium initially filed with the EMA in 2011 sought approval for defibrotide for the treatment and prevention of VOD in adults and children. The approval Gentium received from the EC in October 2013 was for the narrower indication of treatment of severe VOD in adults and children undergoing HSCT therapy. The scope of any future approvals we receive may negatively affect defibrotide’s growth prospects.

We cannot predict whether historical revenues from named patient programs for our hematology/oncology products will continue or whether we will be able to continue to distribute those products on a named patient basis.

In certain European countries, reimbursement for products that have not yet received marketing authorization may be provided through national named patient programs. Erwinase and defibrotide are available on a named patient basis in many countries where they are not commercially available. Such reimbursement may cease to be available if authorization for a named patient program expires or is terminated. While we generate revenue from the distribution of these products through named patient programs, we cannot predict whether historical revenues from these programs will continue, whether we will be able to continue to distribute our products on a named patient basis in these countries, whether we will be able to commercialize our products in countries where the products have historically been available on a named patient basis, or

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whether commercial revenues will exceed revenues historically generated from sales on a named patient basis. Any failure to maintain revenues from sales of Erwinase and/or defibrotide on a named patient basis and/or to generate revenues from commercial sales of these products exceeding historical sales on a named patient basis could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We depend on single source suppliers and manufacturers for each of our products, product candidates and their active pharmaceutical ingredients. The loss of any of these suppliers or manufacturers, or delays or problems in the supply or manufacture of our products for commercial sale or our product candidates for use in our clinical trials, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

The manufacture of pharmaceutical products requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of process controls required to consistently produce the active pharmaceutical ingredient and the finished product in sufficient quantities while meeting detailed product specifications on a repeated basis. Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products often encounter difficulties in production, including difficulties with production costs and yields, process controls, quality control and quality assurance, including testing of stability, impurities and impurity levels and other product specifications by validated test methods, and compliance with strictly enforced U.S., state and non-U.S. regulations. If we or any of our third party suppliers or manufacturers encounter these or any other manufacturing, quality or compliance difficulties with respect to any of our products, particularly Xyrem and Erwinaze since we maintain limited inventories for these products, we may be unable to meet commercial demand for such products, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Other than the manufacturing plant in Italy where we produce some active pharmaceutical ingredients, including the defibrotide drug substance, we do not currently have our own manufacturing capability for our products or product candidates, or their active pharmaceutical ingredients, or the capability to package our products. The availability of our products for commercial sale depends upon our ability to procure the ingredients, raw materials, packaging materials and finished products we need from third parties. In part due to the limited market size for our products and product candidates, we have entered into supply and manufacturing agreements with suppliers and manufacturers, each of which is currently our single source for each of our marketed products and for the active pharmaceutical ingredients used in some of these products.

We maintain limited inventories of Xyrem and Erwinaze, as well as the ingredients or raw materials used to make them. Our limited inventory puts us at significant risk of not being able to meet product demand. The current manufacturing capacity for Erwinaze is nearly completely absorbed by demand for the product. As a consequence of constrained manufacturing capacity, we have had extremely limited ability to build an excess level of product inventory that could be used to absorb disruptions to supply resulting from quality or other issues. If we continue to be subject to capacity constraints or experience quality or other manufacturing challenges in the future, we may be unable to build a desired excess level of product inventory, and our ability to supply the market may be compromised.

Although we are taking steps to improve the Erwinaze manufacturing process, if our ongoing efforts are not successful, or we are subject to other challenges described elsewhere in this risk factor, we could experience additional Erwinaze supply interruptions in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our sales of and revenues from Erwinaze and limit our potential maintenance and growth of the market for this product. If, for any reason, our suppliers and manufacturers, including any new suppliers, do not continue to supply us with our products or product candidates in a timely fashion and in compliance with applicable quality and regulatory requirements, or otherwise fail or refuse to comply with their obligations to us under our supply and manufacturing arrangements, we may not have adequate remedies for any breach, and their failure to supply us could result in a shortage of our products or product candidates, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

In addition, if one of our suppliers or manufacturers fails or refuses to supply us for any reason, it would take a significant amount of time and expense to qualify a new supplier or manufacturer. The loss of one of our suppliers or manufacturers could require us to obtain regulatory clearance in the form of a “prior approval supplement” and to incur validation and other costs associated with the transfer of the active pharmaceutical ingredient or product manufacturing process. We believe that it could take up to two years, or longer in certain cases, to qualify a new supplier or manufacturer, and we may not be able to obtain active pharmaceutical ingredients or finished products from new suppliers or manufacturers on acceptable terms and at reasonable prices, or at all. Should we lose either an active pharmaceutical ingredient supplier or a finished product manufacturer, we may not, as applicable, have sufficient salable product to meet market demands or a sufficient quantity of a product candidate for use in clinical trials while we wait for FDA or similar international regulatory body approval of a new supplier or manufacturer.

Siegfried has been our sole supplier of sodium oxybate since 2012. We expect that Siegfried will continue to be our sole supplier of sodium oxybate for the foreseeable future, and we cannot assure you that Siegfried can or will continue to supply on a timely basis, or at all, sufficient quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredient to enable the manufacture of the quantities of Xyrem that we need.

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Erwinaze is licensed to us, and manufactured for us, by PHE, which is our sole supplier for Erwinaze. The FDA’s approval of the BLA for Erwinaze includes a number of post-marketing commitments related to the manufacture of Erwinaze. Inability to comply with regulatory requirements, including compliance with manufacturing-related post-marketing commitments that are part of the BLA approval, as well as other requirements monitored by the FDA, could adversely affect Erwinaze supply and could result in FDA approval being revoked or product recalls, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our sales of and revenues from Erwinaze and limit our potential future maintenance and growth of the market for this product. In addition, if the FDA or any non-U.S. regulatory authority mandates any changes to the specifications for Erwinaze, we may face challenges having product produced to meet such specifications, and PHE may increase its price to supply Erwinaze meeting such specifications, which may result in additional costs to us and may decrease any profit we would otherwise achieve with Erwinaze.

Although there are long-term plans to expand production capacity of Erwinaze, we cannot assure you that our supplier will be able to continue to supply our ongoing commercial needs for the product in a timely manner, or at all, especially if our demand for product increases. If production difficulties occur as described elsewhere in this risk factor and result in a disruption to supply or capacity constraints, we do not have the right to engage a backup supplier for Erwinaze except in very limited circumstances, such as following the termination of the agreement by us due to the uncured material breach or the cessation of manufacturing by our supplier. If we are required to engage a backup or alternative supplier, the transfer of technical expertise and manufacturing process to the backup or alternative supplier would be difficult, costly and time-consuming, might not be successful and would increase the likelihood of a delay or interruption in manufacturing or a shortage of supply of Erwinaze. While we continue to work with our supplier to evaluate potential steps to increase the supply of Erwinaze over the longer term to address worldwide demand, our ability to maintain or increase sales of Erwinaze may be limited by our ability to obtain a sufficient supply of the product. Failure to obtain a sufficient supply of Erwinaze could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We are our sole supplier of, and we believe that we are currently the sole worldwide producer of, the defibrotide drug compound. We manufacture the defibrotide drug compound in a single facility located in Villa Guardia, near Como, Italy. This facility could be damaged by fire, flood, earthquake, power loss, telecommunication and information system failure, terrorism or similar events. Any of these events could cause a delay or interruption in manufacturing and potentially a supply shortage of defibrotide, which could negatively impact our anticipated revenues. Patheon UK currently processes the defibrotide compound into its finished vial form, and is the sole provider of our commercial supply of the finished product in the EU and of our future clinical supply. If Patheon UK does not or is not able to perform these services for any reason, it may take time and resources to implement and execute the necessary technology transfer to another processor, and such delay could negatively impact our product launch and anticipated revenues and potentially cause us to breach contractual obligations with customers or to violate local laws requiring us to deliver the product to those in need.

We are also in the process of evaluating an appropriate provider to process defibrotide into finished product for the U.S. market in preparation for the potential approval of the product by the FDA. Part of the process to obtain FDA approval for defibrotide is to obtain certification from the FDA that the facilities we and our third party provider operate are in compliance with cGMP. The FDA may deny approval to manufacture defibrotide if the FDA determines that either our facility or our third party processor’s facility does not meet applicable manufacturing and quality requirements. Following initial approval, if any, the FDA will continue to inspect and evaluate these facilities for ongoing compliance with applicable requirements. In addition, defibrotide is derived from porcine DNA. Our supplier of porcine materials may also be evaluated and inspected by the FDA in connection with our application for approval of defibrotide in the United States. If our supplier experiences safety or other issues that impact its ability to supply porcine materials to us as needed, we may not be able to find alternative suppliers in a timely fashion, which could negatively impact our supply of defibrotide.

The DEA limits the quantity of certain Schedule I controlled substances that may be produced in the United States in any given calendar year through a quota system. Because the active pharmaceutical ingredient of Xyrem, sodium oxybate, is a Schedule I controlled substance, our supplier of sodium oxybate, as well as our finished product manufacturer, must each obtain separate DEA quotas in order to supply us with sodium oxybate and Xyrem. Since the DEA typically grants quotas on an annual basis, our sodium oxybate supplier and Xyrem manufacturer are required to request and justify allocation of sufficient annual DEA quotas as well as additional DEA quotas if our commercial or clinical requirements exceed the allocated quotas throughout the year. In the past, we have had to engage in lengthy efforts to obtain the needed quotas after the original annual quotas had first been allocated. For 2015, both our active pharmaceutical ingredient supplier and finished product manufacturer were allocated most, but not all, of their respective requested quotas. If, in the future, we and our supplier and

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manufacturer cannot obtain the quotas that are needed on a timely basis, or at all, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, the FDA and similar international regulatory bodies must approve manufacturers of the active and inactive pharmaceutical ingredients and certain packaging materials used in our products. If there are delays in qualifying new manufacturers or facilities or a new manufacturer is unable to obtain a sufficient quota from the DEA, if required, or to otherwise meet FDA or similar international regulatory body’s requirements for approval, there could be a shortage of the affected products for the marketplace or for use in clinical studies, or both, particularly since we do not have secondary sources for supply and manufacture of the active pharmaceutical ingredients for our products or backup manufacturers for our finished products.

Failure by our third party manufacturers to comply with regulatory requirements could adversely affect their ability to supply products or ingredients to us. All facilities and manufacturing techniques used for the manufacture of pharmaceutical products must be operated in conformity with the FDA’s current cGMP requirements. DEA regulations also govern facilities where controlled substances such as Xyrem’s active pharmaceutical ingredient are manufactured. Manufacturing facilities of our suppliers have been and are subject to periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA, the DEA and other regulatory authorities, including state authorities and similar authorities in non-U.S. jurisdictions. For example, the FDA inspected the PHE facility where Erwinaze is manufactured in January 2015 and issued a Form FDA 483 with observations relating to the manufacturing process. We and our third party manufacturers must continually expend time, money and effort in production, record-keeping and quality assurance and control to ensure that our products and product candidates meet applicable specifications and other requirements for product safety, efficacy and quality. Failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory requirements subjects our suppliers to possible legal or regulatory action, including shutdown, which may adversely affect a supplier’s ability to supply us with the ingredients or finished products we need.

Our ability to develop and deliver products in a timely and competitive manner depends on our third party suppliers and manufacturers being able to continue to meet our ongoing commercial needs. Any delay in supplying, or failure to supply, products by any of our suppliers could result in our inability to meet the commercial demand for our products, or our needs for use in clinical trials, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We have substantially expanded our international footprint and operations, and we may expand further in the future, but we do not yet have substantial historical experience in international markets and may not achieve the results that we or our shareholders expect.

We are headquartered in Dublin, Ireland and have multiple offices in the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy and other countries in Europe. Our headcount has grown from approximately 260 employees at the end of 2011 to approximately 870 in February 2015. This includes employees in fourteen countries in North America and Europe, a European commercial presence, a complex distribution network for products in Europe and additional territories, a manufacturing facility in Italy and a manufacturing facility under construction in Ireland. In addition, we may expand our international operations into other countries in the future, either organically or by acquisition. While we have acquired significant management and other personnel with substantial international experience, conducting our business in multiple countries subjects us to a variety of risks and complexities that may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, including, among other things:


•	the increased complexity and costs inherent in managing international operations;


•	diverse regulatory, financial and legal requirements, and any future changes to such requirements, in one or more countries where we are located or do business;


•	country-specific tax, labor and employment laws and regulations;


•	applicable trade laws, tariffs, export quotas, custom duties or other trade restrictions and any changes to them;


•	challenges inherent in efficiently managing employees in diverse geographies, including the need to adapt systems, policies, benefits and compliance programs to differing labor and other regulations, as well as maintaining positive interactions with unionized employees in one of our international locations;


•	liabilities for activities of, or related to, our international operations, products or product candidates;


•	changes in currency rates; and


•	regulations relating to data security and the unauthorized use of, or access to, commercial and personal information.

Failure to effectively manage these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business.

As a result of our rapid growth, our business and corporate structure has become substantially more complex. There can be no assurance that we will effectively manage the increased complexity without experiencing operating inefficiencies or control deficiencies. Significant management time and effort is required to effectively manage the increased complexity of our

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company, and our failure to successfully do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

In recent years, the global economy has been impacted by the effects of an ongoing global financial crisis, including the European sovereign debt crisis, which has caused extreme disruption in the financial markets, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability. In addition, we expect to continue to grow our product sales in Europe. Continuing worldwide economic instability, including challenges faced by the Eurozone and certain of the countries in Europe and the ongoing budgetary difficulties faced by a number of EU member states, including Greece and Spain, has led and may continue to lead to substantial delays in payment and payment partially with government bonds rather than cash for medicinal drug products, which could negatively impact our revenues and profitability.

The commercial success of our products depends upon their market acceptance by physicians, patients, third party payors and the medical community.

Physicians may not prescribe our products, in which case we would not generate the revenues we anticipate from product sales. Market acceptance of any of our products by physicians, patients, third party payors and the medical community depends on:


•	the clinical indications for which a product is approved, including any restrictions placed upon the product in connection with its approval, such as a REMS, patient registry or labeling restrictions;


•	the prevalence of the disease or condition for which the product is approved and the severity of side effects;


•	acceptance by physicians and patients of each product as a safe and effective treatment;


•	perceived advantages over alternative treatments;


•	relative convenience and ease of administration;


•	the cost of treatment in relation to alternative treatments, including generic products;


•	the extent to which the product is approved for inclusion on formularies of hospitals and managed care organizations; and


•	the conditions for reimbursement required by, and the availability of reimbursement from, third party payors.

Because of our dependence upon market acceptance of our products, any adverse publicity associated with harm to patients or other adverse events resulting from the use or misuse of our products or any similar products distributed by other companies, including generic versions of our products, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. For example, from time to time, there is negative publicity about illicit GHB and its effects, including with respect to illegal use, overdoses, serious injury and death. Because sodium oxybate, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in Xyrem, is a derivative of GHB, Xyrem sometimes also receives negative mention in publicity relating to GHB. Patients, physicians and regulators may therefore view Xyrem as the same as or similar to illicit GHB. In addition, there are regulators and some law enforcement agencies that oppose the prescription and use of Xyrem generally because of its connection to GHB. Xyrem’s label includes information about adverse events from GHB. Similarly, negative publicity resulting from our receipt of a Form FDA 483 in April 2014 or other related regulatory actions could adversely affect sales of our products.

In addition, we have periodically increased the price of Xyrem and may do so again in the future. We also have made and may in the future make similar price increases on our other products. Price increases of our products and publicity regarding price increases of any products distributed by other pharmaceutical companies could negatively affect market acceptance of our products.

For additional discussion about payor acceptance, see the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “Price approvals and reimbursement may not be available for our products, which could diminish our sales or affect our ability to sell our products profitably.”

We may not be able to successfully identify and acquire, in-license or develop additional products or product candidates to grow our business, and, even if we are able to do so, we may not be able to successfully manage the risks associated with integrating any products or product candidates we may acquire in the future into our product portfolio or we may otherwise fail to realize the anticipated benefits of these acquisitions.

We intend to grow our business over the long term by acquiring or in-licensing and developing additional products and product candidates that we believe have significant commercial potential. Future growth through acquisition or in-licensing will depend upon the availability of suitable products and product candidates for acquisition or in-licensing on acceptable prices, terms and conditions. Any growth through development will depend upon our identifying and obtaining product candidates, our ability to develop those product candidates and the availability of funding to complete the development of,

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obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize these product candidates. Even if appropriate opportunities are available, we may not be able to successfully identify them, or we may not have the financial resources necessary to pursue them. Other companies, many of which may have substantially greater financial, marketing and sales resources, compete with us for these opportunities. In order to compete successfully to acquire attractive products or product candidates in the current business climate, we may have to pay higher prices for assets than may have been paid historically, which may make it more difficult for us to realize an adequate return on any acquisition.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully manage these risks or other anticipated and unanticipated problems in connection with an acquisition or in-licensing. We may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition or in-licensing for a variety of reasons, including the possibility that a product candidate proves not to be safe or effective in later clinical trials, a product fails to reach its forecasted commercial potential or the integration of a product or product candidate gives rise to unforeseen difficulties and expenditures. Any failure in identifying and managing these risks and uncertainties effectively would have a material adverse effect on our business.

In addition, product and product candidate acquisitions create other uncertainties and risks, particularly when the acquisition takes the form of a merger or other business consolidation. Our business acquisitions have required, and any similar future transactions will also require, significant efforts and expenditures, including with respect to integrating the acquired business with our historical business. We may encounter unexpected difficulties, or incur unexpected costs, in connection with transition activities and integration efforts, which include:


•	high acquisition costs;


•	the need to incur substantial debt or engage in dilutive issuances of equity securities to pay for acquisitions;


•	the potential disruption of our historical core business;


•	the strain on, and need to continue to expand, our existing operational, technical, financial and administrative infrastructure;


•	the difficulties in assimilating employees and corporate cultures;


•	the failure to retain key managers and other personnel;


•	the challenges in controlling additional costs and expenses in connection with and as a result of the acquisition;


•	the need to write down assets or recognize impairment charges;


•	the diversion of our management’s attention to integration of operations and corporate and administrative infrastructures; and


•	any unanticipated liabilities for activities of or related to the acquired business or its operations, products or product candidates.

If any of these or other factors impair our ability to integrate any acquired business efficiently and successfully, we may be required to spend time or money on integration activities that otherwise would be spent on the development and expansion of our business. If we fail to integrate or otherwise manage an acquired business successfully and in a timely manner, resulting operating inefficiencies could increase costs and expenses more than we planned, could negatively impact the market price of our ordinary shares and could otherwise distract us from execution of our strategy. Failure to maintain effective financial controls and reporting systems and procedures could also impact our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements.

Conducting clinical trials is costly and time-consuming, and the outcomes are uncertain. A failure to prove that our product candidates are safe and effective in clinical trials, or to generate data in clinical trials to support expansion of the therapeutic uses for our existing products, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Since 2014, we have made significant investments into expanding our product development pipeline and expect to continue to increase our research and development organization to pursue targeted development activities. Significant clinical, development and financial resources will be required to progress product candidates through clinical trials and the regulatory approval process to develop them into commercially viable products. We have a number of product candidates under development, including JZP-110 and JZP-386 in the sleep area and JZP-416 and Leukotac in the hematology/oncology area. We also intend to pursue clinical development of other product candidates that we may acquire or in-license in the future. Any failure or delay in completing clinical trials for our product candidates would prevent or delay the commercialization of our product candidates, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

As a condition to regulatory approval, each drug product candidate must undergo extensive and expensive preclinical studies and clinical trials to demonstrate to a statistically significant degree that the product candidate is safe and effective. The

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results at any stage of the development process may lack the desired safety, efficacy or pharmacokinetic characteristics. Results of limited preclinical studies, including studies of our product candidates in animal models, may not predict the results of human clinical trials of those product candidates. Similarly, results from early clinical trials may not be predictive of results obtained in later and larger clinical trials, and product candidates in later clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy despite having progressed successfully through initial clinical testing. In that case, the FDA or any equivalent non-U.S. regulatory agency may determine our data is not sufficiently compelling to warrant marketing approval and may require us to engage in additional clinical trials or provide further analysis which may be costly and time-consuming. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry, including us, have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, even in advanced clinical trials after showing positive results in preclinical studies or earlier clinical trials. If a product candidate fails at any stage of development, it will not receive regulatory approval, we will not be able to commercialize it, and we will not receive any return on our investment from that product candidate.

Our development pipeline projects may not be successful, and any adverse events or other information generated during the course of our studies related to existing products could result in action by the FDA or any non-U.S. regulatory agency, which may restrict our ability to sell, or sales of, currently marketed products, or such events or other information could otherwise have a material adverse effect on a related commercial product. Any failure or delay in completing clinical trials for line extensions or the generation of additional clinical data could materially and adversely affect the maintenance and growth of the markets for the related marketed products, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and overall growth prospects.

In addition to issues relating to the results generated in clinical trials, clinical trials can be delayed or halted for a variety of reasons, including:


•	delays or failures in obtaining regulatory authorization to commence a trial because of safety concerns of regulators relating to our product candidates or similar product candidates of our competitors or failure to follow regulatory guidelines;


•	delays or failures in obtaining clinical materials and manufacturing sufficient quantities of the product candidate for use in trials;


•	delays or failures in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective study sites;


•	delays or failures in obtaining approval of our clinical trial protocol from an institutional review board, also known as Ethics Committees in Europe, to conduct a clinical trial at a prospective study site;


•	delays or failures in recruiting patients to participate in a clinical trial;


•	failure of our clinical trials and clinical investigators to be in compliance with the FDA and other regulatory agencies’ good clinical practice guidelines;


•	unforeseen safety issues, including negative results from ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials and adverse events associated with product candidates;


•	inability to monitor patients adequately during or after treatment;


•	difficulty monitoring multiple study sites;


•	failure of our third party clinical trial managers to satisfactorily perform their contractual duties, comply with regulations or meet expected deadlines; or


•	insufficient funds to complete the trials.

For example, we initiated our first study of JZP-416 in children in a pivotal Phase 2 trial in North America in late 2014. In February 2015, we voluntarily suspended patient enrollment in this trial. Our decision to suspend enrollment and to discontinue treatment with JZP-416 for enrolled patients is based on the occurrence of hypersensitivity-like reactions following the administration of JZP-416 in some treated patients. We are in the process of collecting and evaluating the available data and plan to conduct additional research and analysis prior to determining whether to resume the study and determining next steps regarding the development of JZP-416. We cannot predict whether we will continue development of JZP-416 or resume enrollment in the pivotal Phase 2 clinical trial in a timely fashion, if at all. Under our license agreement with Alizé, under which we obtained rights to develop and commercialize JZP-416, we are subject to contractual obligations to meet certain development milestones within the applicable timeframes provided under the license agreement. Our ability to meet some of these milestones is uncertain, and depends upon a number of factors, including our ability to obtain clinical material, to recruit study centers with appropriate expertise and patient populations and to develop a clinical program meeting the development requirements of both the FDA and European regulatory authorities in a timely fashion. If our development activities are delayed for reasons that are not excused under our license agreement, we may have to pay Alizé for extensions to meet our licensing obligations or we may lose our rights to develop and commercialize JZP-416.

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The FDA has granted Fast Track designation to the investigation of JZP-416 for ALL. Defibrotide has also been granted Fast Track designation by the FDA to treat severe VOD. The Fast Track program is designed to enable more frequent interactions with the FDA during drug development and to expedite new drug candidate review. Although we have obtained Fast Track designation from the FDA for JZP-416 and defibrotide, receipt of Fast Track designation may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to drugs considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures, and Fast Track designation may be withdrawn by the FDA at any time. In addition, Fast Track designation does not guarantee that we will be able to take advantage of the expedited review procedures and does not increase the likelihood that either JZP-416 or defibrotide will receive any regulatory approvals.

The clinical trial we initiated in the second quarter of 2014 to further evaluate the use of Erwinaze in young adults age 18 to 39 with ALL who are hypersensitive to E. coli-derived asparaginase has not yet enrolled a patient, which has delayed our ability to generate additional clinical data necessary to support the expansion of Erwinaze’s therapeutic uses and could materially and adversely affect the maintenance and growth of the market for Erwinaze.

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials, and if they do not properly and successfully perform their legal and regulatory obligations, as well as their contractual obligations to us, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates.

We rely on contract research organizations and other third parties to assist us in designing, managing, monitoring and otherwise carrying out our clinical trials, including with respect to site selection, contract negotiation and data management. We do not control these third parties and, as a result, they may not treat our clinical studies as a high priority, or in the manner in which we would prefer, which could result in delays. We are responsible for confirming that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its general investigational plan and protocol, as well as the FDA’s and non-U.S. regulatory agencies’ requirements, commonly referred to as good clinical practices, for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to ensure that the data and results are credible and accurate and that the trial participants are adequately protected. The FDA and non-U.S. regulatory agencies enforce good clinical practices through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we, contract research organizations or other third parties assisting us or our study sites fail to comply with applicable good clinical practices, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or its non-U.S. counterparts may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that, upon inspection, the FDA or non-U.S. regulatory agencies will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with good clinical practices. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under the FDA’s cGMP regulations and similar regulations outside of the United States. Our failure, or the failure of our product manufacturers, to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat or redesign clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

If third parties do not successfully carry out their duties under their agreements with us, if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, including dosing requirements, or regulatory requirements, or if they otherwise fail to comply with clinical trial protocols or meet expected deadlines, our clinical trials may not meet regulatory requirements. If our clinical trials do not meet regulatory requirements or if these third parties need to be replaced, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed, suspended or terminated. If any of these events occur, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates or succeed in our efforts to create approved line extensions for certain of our existing products or generate additional useful clinical data in support of these products.

We face substantial competition from other companies, including companies with greater resources, including larger sales organizations and more experience working with large and diverse product portfolios, than we have.

The commercial potential of our current products and any future products may be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop or acquire and commercialize generic or branded products that are safer or more effective, have fewer side effects, are easier to administer or are less expensive than our products. Many of our competitors, particularly large pharmaceutical and life sciences companies, have substantially greater financial, operational and human resources than we do. They can spend more on, and have more expertise in, research and development, regulatory, manufacturing, distribution and sales activities. As a result, our competitors may obtain FDA or other regulatory approvals for their product candidates more rapidly than we may and may market their products more effectively than we do. Smaller or earlier stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established companies.

In addition, many of our competitors are able to deploy more personnel to market and sell their products than we do. We currently have a relatively small number of sales representatives compared with the number of sales representatives of most other pharmaceutical companies with marketed products. Each of our sales representatives is responsible for a territory of significant size. The continued growth of our current products and the launch of any future products may require expansion of our sales force and sales support organization internationally, and we may need to commit significant additional funds, management and other resources to the growth of our sales organization. We may not be able to achieve any necessary growth in a timely or cost-effective manner or realize a positive return on our investment, and we may not have the financial resources

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to achieve the necessary growth in a timely manner or at all. We also have to compete with other pharmaceutical and life sciences companies to recruit, hire, train and retain sales and marketing personnel, and turnover in our sales force and marketing personnel could negatively affect sales of our products. If our specialty sales force and sales organization are not appropriately sized to adequately promote any current or potential future products, the commercial potential of our current products and any future products may be diminished.

We compete with a significant number of pharmaceutical and life sciences companies with extensive sales, marketing and promotional experience in hematology/oncology markets, and our failure to compete effectively in this area could negatively affect our sales of Erwinaze, Defitelio and other products.

We also face competition, and may in the future face additional competition, from manufacturers of generic drugs. Generic competition often results in decreases in the prices at which branded products can be sold, particularly when there is more than one generic available in the marketplace. In addition, legislation enacted in the United States allows for, and in a few instances in the absence of specific instructions from the prescribing physician mandates, the dispensing of generic products rather than branded products where a generic version is available. Other companies could also develop products that are similar, but not identical, to our marketed products, such as an alternative formulation of our product or an alternative formulation combined with a different delivery technology, and seek approval in the United States by referencing our products and relying, to some degree, on the FDA’s finding that our products are safe and effective. See the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “If generic versions of Xyrem or other sodium oxybate products that compete with Xyrem are approved and launched, sales of Xyrem would be adversely affected.”

If we fail to attract, retain and motivate key personnel or to retain the members of our executive management team, our operations and our future growth may be adversely affected.

Our success and our ability to grow depend in part on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified personnel and on our ability to develop and maintain important relationships with leading academic institutions, clinicians and scientists. We are highly dependent upon our executive management team and other critical personnel, all of whom work on many complex matters that are essential to our success. We do not carry “key person” insurance. The loss of services of one or more members of our executive management team or other key personnel could delay or prevent the successful completion of some of our vital activities. Any employee may terminate his or her employment at any time without notice or with only short notice and without cause or good reason. The resulting loss of institutional knowledge may negatively impact our operations and future growth.

In addition, to grow our company we will need additional personnel. Competition for qualified personnel in the pharmaceutical industry is very intense. If we are unable to attract, retain and motivate quality individuals, including in our research and development operations, which are continuing to expand, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be adversely affected.

We also depend on the unique abilities, industry experience and institutional knowledge of the members of our board of directors to efficiently set company strategy and effectively guide our executive management team. We cannot be certain that future board turnover will not negatively affect our business.

Significant disruptions of information technology systems or breaches of data security could adversely affect our business.

We are increasingly dependent on information technology systems and infrastructure, including mobile technologies, to operate our business. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, store and transmit large amounts of confidential information, including intellectual property, proprietary business information and personally identifiable information. It is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such confidential information. We have also outsourced elements of our information technology infrastructure, and as a result we manage a number of third party vendors who may or could have access to our confidential information. The size and complexity of our information technology systems, and those of third party vendors with whom we contract, and the volume of data we retain, make such systems potentially vulnerable to breakdown, malicious intrusion, security breaches and other cyber-attacks. From time to time, our systems have been subject to cyber-attacks. A security breach or privacy violation that leads to disclosure or modification of or prevents access to patient information, including personally identifiable information or protected health information, could harm our reputation, compel us to comply with federal and/or state breach notification laws and foreign law equivalents, subject us to mandatory corrective action, require us to verify the correctness of database contents and otherwise subject us to liability under laws and regulations that protect personal data, resulting in increased costs or loss of revenue. If we are unable to prevent such security breaches or privacy violations or implement satisfactory remedial measures, our operations could be disrupted, and we may suffer loss of reputation, financial loss and other regulatory penalties because of lost or misappropriated

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information, including sensitive patient data. In addition, these breaches and other inappropriate access can be difficult to detect, and any delay in identifying them may lead to increased harm of the type described above. Moreover, the prevalent use of mobile devices that access confidential information increases the risk of data security breaches, which could lead to the loss of confidential information, trade secrets or other intellectual property. While we have implemented security measures to protect our data security and information technology systems, such measures may not prevent such events. Significant disruptions of our information technology systems or breaches of data security could adversely affect our business.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

It is difficult and costly to protect our proprietary rights, and we may not be able to ensure their protection.

Our commercial success depends in part on obtaining and maintaining patent protection of our products and product candidates and their use and the methods used to manufacture and distribute them, as well as successfully defending these patents against third party challenges, and successfully protecting our trade secrets. Our ability to protect our products and product candidates from unauthorized making, using, selling, offering to sell or importation by third parties depends on the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents or have trade secrets that cover these activities.

The patent position of pharmaceutical companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal, regulatory and factual questions. We own a portfolio of United States and non-U.S. patents and patent applications and have licensed rights to a number of issued patents and patent applications that cover or relate to our products and product candidates, including Xyrem and Defitelio. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property. Even if we are able to obtain patents covering our products and product candidates, any patent may be challenged, invalidated, held unenforceable or circumvented, potentially including by FDA approval of an ANDA that avoids infringement of our intellectual property.

On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, was signed into law. The final substantive provisions of the America Invents Act, including the first to file system, became effective on March 16, 2013. The America Invents Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These changes include provisions that affect the way patent applications are being filed, prosecuted and litigated. For example, the America Invents Act enacted proceedings involving post-issuance patent review procedures, such as IPR, CBM reviews and other post grant reviews. These proceedings are conducted before the PTAB. Each proceeding has different eligibility criteria and different patentability challenges that can be raised. The IPR process permits any person (except a party who has been litigating the patent for more than a year) to challenge the validity of the patent on the grounds that it was anticipated or made obvious by prior art. The America Invents Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Although Xyrem is covered by patents covering its formulation, distribution system and method of use, third parties are seeking to introduce generic versions of Xyrem, and additional third parties may also attempt to invalidate or design around the patents, or assert that they are invalid or otherwise unenforceable, and seek to introduce generic versions of Xyrem or other sodium oxybate products for treatment of cataplexy and/or EDS in narcolepsy. If one or more companies receive FDA approval of an ANDA for generic versions of Xyrem or an NDA for other sodium oxybate products, it is possible that such company or companies could introduce generic versions of Xyrem or other sodium oxybate products before our patents expire, if it is determined that our patents are invalid, unenforceable or non-infringed, or if such company or companies decide, before applicable ongoing patent litigation is concluded, to launch competition to Xyrem at risk of potentially being held liable for damages for patent infringement.

In addition, certain of the ANDA filers have also sought to challenge the validity of our patents covering the distribution system for Xyrem in the PTAB. Between June and October 2014, petitions seeking CBM post-grant patent review by the PTAB were filed by certain of the ANDA filers with respect to the validity of six of our patents covering the distribution system for Xyrem. In early 2015, the PTAB issued decisions denying institution of CBM review for all of these petitions. In January 2015, petitions for IPR were filed by certain of the ANDA filers with respect to the validity of six of our patents covering the

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distribution system for Xyrem. The PTAB has not yet determined whether to institute proceedings with respect to the petitions for IPR. We cannot predict whether PTAB will institute any of the petitioned IPR proceedings, whether additional post-grant patent review challenges will be filed, the outcome of any IPR or other proceeding if instituted, or the impact any IPR or other proceeding might have on ongoing ANDA litigation proceedings.

In April 2014, we became aware of the completion of a “first in man” clinical trial by a company using its proprietary technology for delivery of a sodium oxybate formulation to eliminate second nighttime dosing for narcolepsy patients. This company has stated its intent to submit an NDA referencing Xyrem to the FDA by the end of 2016. See the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “If generic versions of Xyrem or other sodium oxybate products that compete with Xyrem are approved and launched, sales of Xyrem would be adversely affected.”

The existence of a patent will not necessarily prevent other companies from developing similar or therapeutically equivalent products or protect us from claims of third parties that our products infringe their issued patents, which may require licensing and the payment of significant fees or royalties. Competitors may successfully challenge our patents, produce similar products that do not infringe our patents, or manufacture products in countries where we have not applied for patent protection or that do not respect our patents. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our patents, our licensed patents or in third party patents.

The degree of future protection to be afforded by our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage. For example:


•	others may be able to make products that are similar to our product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of our patents, or for which we are not licensed under our license agreements;


•	we or our licensors or partners might not have been the first to invent or file, as appropriate, subject matters covered by our issued patents or pending patent applications or the pending patent applications or issued patents of our licensors or partners;


•	others may independently develop similar or alternative products without infringing our intellectual property rights;


•	our pending patent applications may not result in issued patents;


•	our issued patents and the issued patents of our licensors or partners may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid or unenforceable as a result of legal challenges by third parties;


•	our issued patents may not cover our competitors’ products;


•	our issued patents and the issued patents of our licensors or partners may be vulnerable to legal challenges as a result of changes in applicable law;


•	we may not develop additional proprietary products that are patentable; or


•	the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.

We also may rely on trade secrets and other unpatented proprietary information to protect our technology, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. Although we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets and other unpatented proprietary information, our employees, consultants, advisors and partners may unintentionally or willfully disclose our proprietary information to competitors, and we may not have adequate remedies for such disclosures.

If our employees, consultants, advisors and partners develop inventions or processes independently, or jointly with us, that may be applicable to our products under development, disputes may arise about ownership or proprietary rights to those inventions and processes. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using any of our inventions or trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside of the United States are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets. Moreover, our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how.

Certain of the products we sell have no patent protection and, as a result, potential competitors face fewer barriers in introducing competing products. We rely on trade secrets and other unpatented proprietary information to protect our commercial position with respect to such products, which we may be unable to do. In some instances, we also rely on regulatory exclusivity. For example, Erwinaze has no patent protection. In addition to protection using trade secrets, Erwinaze has orphan drug exclusivity in the United States for a seven-year period from its FDA approval, which precludes approval of another product with the same principal molecular structure for the same indication until November 2018. Erwinaze, as a biologic product approved under a BLA, is also subject to the BPCIA. Under the BPCIA, Erwinaze is expected to receive exclusivity that prevents approval of a biosimilar in the United States through late 2023. Because the BPCIA is a relatively new law, we anticipate that its impact on both reference product sponsors and biosimilar applicants will evolve over a period of

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years. Its implementation likely will be shaped by a variety of factors, including FDA issuance of guidance documents, proposed regulations, and decisions in the course of considering specific applications. As a result, it is possible that a potential competing drug product might obtain FDA approval before the orphan drug and expected BCPIA exclusivity periods have expired, which would adversely affect sales of Erwinaze. In the EU, the regulatory data protection and thus regulatory exclusivity period for Erwinase has lapsed. This also means that any new marketing authorizations for Erwinase in other EU member states will not receive any regulatory data protection. If a biosimilar product to Erwinaze is approved in the United States as interchangeable to Erwinaze or in other countries where Erwinaze is sold, a significant percentage of the prescriptions that would have been written for Erwinaze may be filled with the biosimilar version, resulting in a loss in sales of Erwinaze, and there may be a decrease in the price at which Erwinaze can be sold. Competition from a biosimilar product to Erwinaze could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Similarly, although there are patent applications for JZP-416 pending in the United States and the product is covered by some patents outside of the United States, it is not yet covered by any U.S. patents. JZP-416 was granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of ALL by the EMA and by the FDA subject to certain conditions. JZP-416 is still in the early stage of clinical development and in February 2015, we voluntarily suspended enrollment in our first study of JZP-416 in children in a pivotal Phase 2 trial in North America. See the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “Conducting clinical trials is costly and time-consuming, and the outcomes are uncertain. A failure to prove that our product candidates are safe and effective in clinical trials, or to generate data in clinical trials to support expansion of the therapeutic uses for our existing products, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.” There is no guarantee that we will continue development of JZP-416 or resume enrollment in the pivotal Phase 2 clinical trial or that JZP-416 will succeed in clinical trials, that we will be able to file marketing applications for it, that it will receive marketing approval, or that JZP-416 will meet the conditions for orphan drug exclusivity. If we continue development, but fail to obtain orphan drug exclusivity and/or exclusivity under the BCPIA, and if we also fail to successfully execute on other strategies to protect our intellectual property with respect to JZP-416, including protection by one or more issued patents, JZP-416 would be subject to competition, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to recognize any return on our investment in the development of this product as well as on our future growth prospects.

Our research and development collaborators may have rights to publish data and other information to which we have rights. In addition, we sometimes engage individuals or entities to conduct research that may be relevant to our business. While the ability of these individuals or entities to publish or otherwise publicly disclose data and other information generated during the course of their research is subject to contractual limitations, these contractual provisions may be insufficient or inadequate to protect our trade secrets and may impair our patent rights. If we do not apply for patent protection prior to such publication, or if we cannot otherwise maintain the confidentiality of our innovations and other confidential information, then our ability to obtain patent protection or protect our proprietary information may be jeopardized. Moreover, a dispute may arise with our research and development collaborators over the ownership of rights to jointly developed intellectual property. Such disputes, if not successfully resolved, could lead to a loss of rights and possibly prevent us from pursuing certain new products or product candidates.

We have incurred and expect to continue to incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patents, other intellectual property rights and related matters, and we may be unable to protect our rights to, or commercialize, our products.

Our ability, and that of our partners, to commercialize any approved products will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain patents, enforce those patents and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. The patent positions of pharmaceutical companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. We have filed multiple U.S. patent applications and non-U.S. counterparts, and may file additional U.S. and non-U.S. patent applications. There can be no assurance that any issued patents we own or control will provide sufficient protection to conduct our business as presently conducted or as proposed to be conducted. Moreover, for a variety of reasons, including the existence of relevant prior research performed and the existence of conflicting patent applications submitted in the same manner or similar fields, there can be no assurance that any patents will issue from the patent applications owned by us, or that we will remain free from infringement claims by third parties.

If we choose to go to court to stop a third party from infringing our patents, our licensed patents or our partners’ patents, that third party has the right to ask the court to rule that these patents are invalid and/or should not be enforced. Under the America Invents Act, a third party may also have the option to challenge the validity of certain patents with the PTAB, whether they are accused of infringing our patents or not, and certain hedge funds have announced their intention of challenging valuable pharmaceutical patents through the IPR process. These lawsuits and administrative proceedings are expensive and consume time and other resources, and we may not be successful in these proceedings or in stopping infringement. In addition, there is a risk that a court will decide that these patents are not valid or infringed, or that the PTAB will decide that certain patents are not valid, and that we do not have the right to stop a third party from using the patented subject matter.

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For example, five companies have notified us that they have filed ANDAs with the FDA seeking FDA approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. We initiated lawsuits against each of these companies, and the litigation proceedings are ongoing. In addition, certain of the ANDA filers have sought to challenge the validity of our patents covering the distribution system for Xyrem by filing CBM post-grant patent review and/or IPR by the PTAB. The PTAB has issued decisions denying institution of CBM review for all of the CBM petitions and has not yet determined whether to institute proceedings with respect to the petitions for IPR. See the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “It is difficult and costly to protect our proprietary rights, and we may not be able to ensure their protection.” We cannot assure you that our pending lawsuits, other lawsuits or proceedings we may file in the future, or our defense against any lawsuits or other proceeding that have been or will be brought against us will be successful in stopping the infringement of our patents, that any such litigation or other proceedings will be cost-effective, or that any of them will have a satisfactory result for us.

A third party may claim that we or our manufacturing or commercialization partners are using inventions covered by the third party’s patent rights, or that we or such partners are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating other intellectual property rights, and may go to court to stop us from engaging in our normal operations and activities, including making or selling our products. Such lawsuits are costly and could affect our results of operations and divert the attention of management and development personnel. There is a risk that a court could decide that we or our partners are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating third party patent or other intellectual property rights, which could be very costly to us and have a material adverse effect on our business.

In the pharmaceutical and life sciences industry, like other industries, it is not always clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of products or methods. The coverage of patents is subject to interpretation by the courts, and the interpretation is not always uniform. If we are sued for patent infringement, we would need to demonstrate that our products or methods do not infringe the patent claims of the relevant patent and/or that the patent claims are invalid or unenforceable, which we may not be able to do.

Because some patent applications in the United States may be maintained in secrecy until the patents are issued, because patent applications in the United States and many non-U.S. jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after their priority date, and because publications in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that others have not filed patent applications for inventions covered by our or our licensors’ issued patents or pending applications, or that we or our licensors were the first inventors. Our competitors may have filed, and may in the future file, patent applications covering subject matter similar to ours. Any such patent application may have priority over our or our licensors’ patents or applications and could further require us to obtain rights to issued patents covering such subject matter. If another party has filed a U.S. patent application on inventions similar to ours, we may have to participate in an interference proceeding declared by the USPTO to determine priority of invention in the United States. The costs of these proceedings could be substantial, and it is possible that such efforts would be unsuccessful, resulting in a loss of our U.S. patent position with respect to such inventions. Patent interferences are limited or unavailable for patent applications filed after March 16, 2013.

Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent and other intellectual property litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations.

We own patents that cover, among other things, the formulation and method of use covering the administration for Xyrem. In July 2014, the USPTO issued us a new method of use patent relating to the safe and effective use of Xyrem by decreasing the dose of Xyrem when used concomitantly with divalproex sodium, which information was added to the Xyrem label in April 2014. We have listed this new patent in the Orange Book. While we believe the additional safety information is critical for the safe use of Xyrem and should be required to be included in the label for any proposed generic form of Xyrem, we do not know whether the FDA will require any proposed generic form of Xyrem to include this information in its product label or whether we will be successful in maintaining the validity of the applicable patent and protecting the patent from infringement.

We also own method of use patents and trade secrets that cover elements of the Xyrem deemed REMS, including patents that cover the use of a single central pharmacy to distribute Xyrem. We are engaged in ongoing communications with respect to ours REMS documents for Xyrem, but have not reached agreement with the FDA on certain significant terms. In late 2013, the FDA notified us that it would exercise its claimed authority to modify our REMS and that it would finalize the REMS as modified by the FDA unless we initiated dispute resolution procedures with respect to the modification of the Xyrem deemed REMS. Among other things, we disagree with the FDA’s position in the late 2013 notice that, as part of the current REMS process, the Xyrem deemed REMS should be modified to enable the distribution of Xyrem through more than one pharmacy, or potentially through retail pharmacies and wholesalers, as well as with certain modifications proposed by the FDA that would, in the FDA’s view, be sufficient to ensure that the REMS includes only those elements necessary to ensure that the benefits of Xyrem outweigh its risks, and that would, in the FDA’s view, reduce the burden on the healthcare system. Given these circumstances, we initiated dispute resolution procedures with the FDA at the end of February 2014. We received the FDA’s

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denial of our initial dispute resolution submission in the second quarter of 2014, and our dispute is currently subject to further supervisory review at the next administrative level of the FDA. We have received interim responses from the FDA, but the FDA has not yet communicated a decision on our further appeal to us. We expect to receive the FDA’s decision in the first quarter of 2015. We cannot predict whether, or on what terms, we will reach agreement with the FDA on final REMS documents for Xyrem, the outcome or timing of the current dispute resolution procedure, whether we will initiate additional dispute resolution proceedings with the FDA or other legal proceedings prior to finalizing the REMS documents, or the outcome or timing of any such proceedings. See the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “The manufacture, distribution and sale of Xyrem are subject to significant regulatory oversight and restrictions and the requirements of a risk management program, and these restrictions and requirements, as well as the potential impact of changes to these restrictions and requirements, subject us to increased risks and uncertainties, any of which could negatively impact sales of Xyrem.”

We expect that final REMS documents for Xyrem will include modifications to, and/or requirements that are not currently implemented in, the Xyrem Risk Management Program. Any such modifications or additional requirements could potentially make it more difficult or expensive for us to distribute Xyrem, make it easier for future generic competitors, and/or negatively affect sales of Xyrem. In particular, depending on the extent to which certain provisions of our Xyrem deemed REMS which are currently protected by our method of use patents covering the distribution of Xyrem are changed, the ability of our existing patents to protect our Xyrem distribution system from generic competitors may be reduced. Certain claims of our patents may not provide as much protection in the context of a modified REMS structure. In addition, the extent of protection provided by our method of use patents covering the distribution of Xyrem depends on the nature of the distribution system that may be used by any generic competitor, including whether the distribution system is as restricted as the distribution system set forth in our current Xyrem deemed REMS. If a generic competitor is able to obtain ANDA approval for a generic version of Xyrem based on a risk management plan or REMS that does not fall within the scope of any of the claims of our distribution patents, those patents will not be a barrier to the generic version’s entry into the market. We cannot be certain whether our existing distribution patents or patents that may be granted in the future will be construed to cover any generic REMS or risk management plan that might be approved by the FDA. The interpretation of intellectual property protections and the effect of these protections are extremely complex, and we cannot predict the impact of any of these matters on our business.

Risks Related to Our Industry

The regulatory approval process is expensive, time-consuming and uncertain and may prevent us or our partners from obtaining approvals for the commercialization of some or all of our product candidates.

The manufacturing, labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution, recordkeeping, importing and exporting of our products and our research and development activities are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA, the EC and other regulatory authorities. Regulations differ from country to country. As a result of these regulations, product development, approval and commercialization processes are expensive and time-consuming. For example, we are not permitted to market a pharmaceutical product in the United States or in the EU member states until we receive approval from the FDA, the EC or the competent authorities of the EU member states, as applicable. An application for marketing approval must contain information demonstrating the quality, safety and efficacy of the pharmaceutical product, including data from preclinical and clinical trials, information pertaining to the preparation and manufacture of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, analytical methods, product formulation, details on the manufacture and stability of the finished pharmaceutical product and proposed product packaging and labeling. Submission of an application for marketing authorization does not assure approval for marketing in any jurisdiction, and we may encounter significant difficulties or costs in our efforts to obtain approval to market products. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates, we will not be able to commercialize them and recoup our research and development costs. Any delay or failure in obtaining approval of a drug candidate, or receiving approval for narrower indications than sought, can have a negative impact on our financial performance.

If the FDA, the EC or the competent authorities of the EU member states determine that a REMS or the imposition of post-marketing obligations is necessary to ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the risks, we may be required to include a proposed REMS as part of an NDA or BLA or to propose post-marketing obligations to be included in the marketing authorization for our products in the EU. We may also be required to include a patient package insert or a medication guide to provide information to consumers about the product’s risks and benefits, a plan for communication to healthcare providers, and restrictions on the product’s distribution. For example, the FDA requires a REMS for Xyrem, discussed in detail under the risk factor “The manufacture, distribution and sale of Xyrem are subject to significant regulatory oversight and restrictions and the requirements of a risk management program, and these restrictions and requirements, as well as the potential impact of changes to these restrictions and requirements, subject us to increased risks and uncertainties, any of which could negatively impact sales of Xyrem” above, and other products that we sell are or may become subject to a REMS specific to our product or shared with other products in the same class of drug. We cannot predict the impact that any new REMS requirements applicable to any of our products would have on our business.

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As another example, the marketing authorization in the EU for Defitelio requires us to comply with a number of post-marketing obligations, including obligations relating to the establishment of a patient registry to investigate the long-term safety, health outcomes and patterns of utilization of Defitelio during normal use. If we fail to meet the post-marketing obligations imposed as part of the marketing authorization for Defitelio or if it is determined that the balance of risks and benefits of using Defitelio changes materially, the EMA could vary, suspend or withdraw the marketing authorization for Defitelio.

Changes in healthcare law and implementing regulations, including those based on recently enacted legislation, as well as changes in healthcare policy, may impact our business in ways that we cannot currently predict and these changes could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

The Healthcare Reform Act is a sweeping measure intended to expand healthcare coverage within the United States, primarily through the imposition of health insurance mandates on employers and individuals and expansion of the Medicaid program. This law substantially changes the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impacts the pharmaceutical industry. The Healthcare Reform Act contains a number of provisions that are expected to impact our business and operations, in some cases in ways we cannot currently predict. Changes that may affect our business include those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes, benefits for patients within a coverage gap in the Medicare Part D prescription drug program (commonly known as the “donut hole”), rules regarding prescription drug benefits under the health insurance exchanges, changes to the Medicare Drug Rebate program, expansion of the Public Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program, fraud and abuse and enforcement. These changes will impact existing government healthcare programs and will result in the development of new programs, including Medicare payment for performance initiatives and improvements to the physician quality reporting system and feedback program.

Details of the changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program and the 340B program are are discussed under the risk factor “If we fail to comply with our reporting and payment obligations under the Medicaid Drug Rebate program or other governmental pricing programs, we could be subject to additional reimbursement requirements, penalties, sanctions and fines, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.”

In addition to the Healthcare Reform Act, there will continue to be proposals by legislators at both the federal and state levels, regulators and third party payors to keep healthcare costs down while expanding individual healthcare benefits. Likewise, in the countries in the EU, legislators, policymakers and healthcare insurance funds continue to propose and implement cost-containing measures to keep healthcare costs down, due in part to the attention being paid to healthcare cost containment and other austerity measures in the EU. Certain of these changes could impose limitations on the prices we will be able to charge for our products and any approved product candidates or the amounts of reimbursement available for these products from governmental agencies or third party payors, may increase the tax obligations on pharmaceutical companies such as ours, or may facilitate the introduction of generic competition with respect to our products. Further, an increasing number of EU member states and other foreign countries use prices for medicinal products established in other countries as “reference prices” to help determine the price of the product in their own territory. Consequently, a downward trend in prices of medicinal products in some countries could contribute to similar downward trends elsewhere. In addition, the ongoing budgetary difficulties faced by a number of EU member states, including Greece and Spain, have led and may continue to lead to substantial delays in payment and payment partially with government bonds rather than cash for medicinal drug products, which could negatively impact our revenues and profitability. Moreover, in order to obtain reimbursement for our products in some countries, including some EU member states, we may be required to conduct clinical trials that compare the cost-effectiveness of our products to other available therapies. There can be no assurance that our products will obtain favorable reimbursement status in any country.

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our program for Xyrem, have received some negative publicity related to their use to promote branded pharmaceutical products over other less costly alternatives. In recent years, other pharmaceutical manufacturers have been named in class action lawsuits challenging the legality of their co-pay programs under a variety of federal and state laws. In addition, at least one insurer has directed its network pharmacies to no longer accept co-pay coupons for certain specialty drugs the insurer identified. Our co-pay coupon programs could become the target of similar lawsuits or insurer actions. In addition, in November 2013, CMS issued guidance to the issuers of qualified health plans sold through the Healthcare Reform Act’s marketplaces encouraging such plans to reject patient cost-sharing support from third parties and indicating that CMS intends to monitor the provision of such support and may take regulatory action to limit it in the future. In September 2014, the OIG issued a Special Advisory Bulletin warning manufacturers that they may be subject to sanctions under the federal anti-kickback statute and/or civil monetary penalty laws if they do not take appropriate steps to exclude Medicare Part D beneficiaries from using co-pay coupons. It is possible that the outcome of litigation against other manufacturers, changes in insurer policies regarding co-pay coupons, and/or the introduction and enactment of new legislation or regulatory action could restrict or otherwise negatively affect these programs, which could result in fewer patients using affected products, which could include Xyrem, and therefore could have a material adverse effect on our sales, business and financial condition.

We are subject to significant ongoing regulatory obligations and oversight, which may result in significant additional expense and limit our ability to commercialize our products.

Oversight by FDA and Equivalent Non-U.S. Regulatory Authorities

We are subject to significant ongoing regulatory obligations with respect to our marketed products, such as safety reporting requirements and additional post-marketing obligations, including regulatory oversight of the promotion and marketing of our products. In addition, research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution, recordkeeping, importing and exporting of our products are, and any of our product candidates that may be approved by the FDA, the EC, the competent authorities of the EU member states and other non-U.S. regulatory authorities will be, subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements apply both to us and to third parties we contract with to perform services and supply us with products. Failure by us or any of our third party partners, including suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and our respective central pharmacies for Xyrem and for Prialt, to comply with applicable requirements could subject us to administrative or judicial sanctions or other negative consequences, such as delays in approval or refusal to approve a product candidate, withdrawal, suspension or variation of product approval, untitled letters, warning letters, fines and other monetary penalties, unanticipated expenditures, product recall, withdrawal or seizure, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, interruption of manufacturing or clinical trials, operating restrictions, injunctions; suspension of licenses, civil penalties and/or criminal prosecution, any of which could have a significant impact on our sales, business and financial condition.

We monitor adverse events resulting from the use of our commercial products, as do the regulatory authorities, and we file periodic reports with the authorities concerning adverse events. The authorities review these events and reports, and if they determine that any events and/or reports indicate a trend or signal, they can require a change in a product label, restrict sales and marketing and/or require or conduct other actions, potentially including withdrawal or suspension of the product from the market, any of which could result in reduced market acceptance and demand for our products, could harm our reputation and our ability to market our products in the future, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The FDA also periodically inspects the sponsor’s records related to safety reporting. Following such inspections, the FDA may issue notices on Form FDA 483 and warning letters that could cause us to modify certain activities. A Form FDA 483 notice, if issued at the conclusion of an FDA inspection, can list conditions the FDA investigators believe may have violated relevant FDA regulations or guidance. Failure to adequately and promptly correct the observation(s) can result in further regulatory enforcement action. For example, in April 2014, we received a Form FDA 483 at the conclusion of a pharmacovigilance inspection conducted by the FDA. The Form FDA 483 included observations relating to certain aspects of our ADE reporting system for all of our products, including Xyrem. We responded to the Form FDA 483 with a description of the corrective actions and improvements we had implemented before or shortly following the inspection and additional improvements that we planned to implement, and have now implemented, to address the observations in the Form FDA 483. In August 2014, the FDA issued an Establishment Inspection Report to us, which indicates that the inspection is closed. Although we have implemented improvements to our ADE reporting system, there can be no assurance that the FDA or other regulatory agencies will not identify additional matters in future pharmacovigilance inspections or that we will be able to adequately address any matters identified by the FDA or other regulatory agencies in the future, and the failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we receive regulatory approvals to sell our products, the FDA, the EC, the competent authorities of the EU member states and other non-U.S. regulatory authorities where our products are approved may impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing of our products, or impose requirements for burdensome post-approval study commitments. The terms of any product approval, including labeling, may be more restrictive than we desire and could affect the commercial

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potential of the product. If we become aware of problems with any of our products in the United States, the EU or elsewhere in the world or at our contract manufacturers’ facilities, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on our products, our contract manufacturers or us. In such an instance, we could experience a significant drop in the sales of the affected products, our product revenues and reputation in the marketplace may suffer, and we could become the target of lawsuits. The EU has adopted a new legislation related to pharmacovigilance, or the assessment and monitoring of the safety of medicinal products, and this new legislation enhanced the authority of the EMA and the competent authorities of the EU member states to require companies to conduct additional post-approval clinical efficacy and safety studies and increased the burden on companies with respect to additional monitoring, adverse event management and reporting. Under the legislation and its related regulations and guidelines, we may be required to conduct a labor intensive collection of data regarding the risks and benefits of marketed products and may be required to engage in ongoing assessments of those risks and benefits, including the possible requirement to conduct additional clinical studies, which may be time consuming and expensive and could impact our profitability. Non-compliance with such obligations can lead to the variation, suspension or withdrawal of marketing authorization or imposition of financial penalties or other enforcement measures.

The FDA approved the BLA for Erwinaze in the United States in November 2011, subject to certain post-marketing requirements, including developing and validating assays and conducting certain non-clinical studies. In addition, the BLA approval for Erwinaze is subject to compliance with numerous post-marketing commitments, including certain commitments which must be met by PHE with respect to product manufacturing, which are outside of our control. While activities are underway to complete the post-marketing requirements and to comply with the post-marketing commitments, if we and/or PHE fail to do so within the timeframe established by the FDA, or if the results of the non-clinical studies raise concerns or other issues for the FDA, our approval to market Erwinaze in the United States may be withdrawn or otherwise jeopardized.

The marketing authorization in the EU for Defitelio requires us to comply with a number of post-marketing obligations. These include obligations relating to the establishment of a patient registry. We may be unable to comply with this or other post-marketing obligations imposed as part of the marketing authorization for Defitelio. Failure to comply with these requirements may lead to the suspension, variation or withdrawal of the marketing authorization for Defitelio in the EU.

Erwinase and defibrotide are available on a named patient basis in many countries where they are not commercially available. While we believe we have satisfied the regulations regarding our communications and medical affairs activities in those countries, if any such country’s regulatory authorities determine that we are promoting Erwinase or defibrotide without proper authorization, we could be found to be in violation of pharmaceutical advertising law or the regulations permitting sales under named patient programs. In that case, we may be subject to financial or other penalties.

The FDA, the competent authorities of the EU member states and other governmental authorities require advertising and promotional labeling to be truthful and not misleading, and products to be marketed only for their approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA routinely provides its interpretations of that authority in informal communications and also in more formal communications such as untitled letters or warning letters, and although such communications may not be considered final agency decisions, companies may decide not to contest the agency’s interpretations so as to avoid disputes with the FDA, even if they believe the claims to be truthful, not misleading and otherwise lawful.

The FDA, the competent authorities of the EU member states and other governmental authorities also actively investigate allegations of off-label promotion activities in order to enforce regulations prohibiting these types of activities. A company that is found to have promoted an approved product for off-label uses may be subject to significant liability, including civil and administrative financial penalties and other remedies as well as criminal financial penalties and other sanctions. Even when a company is not determined to have engaged in off-label promotion, the allegation from government authorities or market participants that a company has engaged in such activities could have a significant impact on the company’s sales, business and financial condition. The U.S. government has also required companies to enter into complex corporate integrity agreements and/or non-prosecution agreements that impose significant reporting and other burdens on the affected companies. For example, a predecessor company to Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was investigated for off-label promotion of Xyrem, and, while Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was not prosecuted, as part of the settlement Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. entered into a corporate integrity agreement with the OIG, which extended through mid-2012. The investigation resulted in significant fines and penalties, which Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. has paid, and the corporate integrity agreement required us to maintain a comprehensive compliance program. For all of our products, it is important that we maintain a comprehensive compliance program. Failure to maintain a comprehensive and effective compliance program, and to integrate the operations of acquired businesses into a combined comprehensive and effective compliance program on a timely basis, could subject us to a range of regulatory actions that could affect our ability to commercialize our products and could harm or prevent sales of the affected products, or could substantially increase the costs and expenses of commercializing and marketing our products.

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Other Regulatory Authorities

We are also subject to regulation by other regional, national, state and local agencies, including the DEA, the DOJ, the FTC, the DOC, the OIG and other regulatory bodies, as well as governmental authorities in those non-U.S. countries in which we commercialize our products. In addition to the FDCA, other federal, state and non-U.S. statutes and regulations govern to varying degrees the research, development, manufacturing and commercial activities relating to prescription pharmaceutical products, including preclinical testing, approval, production, labeling, sale, distribution, import, export, post-market surveillance, advertising, dissemination of information, promotion, marketing, and pricing to government purchasers and government healthcare programs. Our partners, including our suppliers, manufacturers and distributors and the central pharmacy for Xyrem, are subject to many of the same requirements.

These requirements include obtaining sufficient quota from the DEA each year to manufacture sodium oxybate and Xyrem. In addition to quota requirements, the DEA imposes various registration, importing, exporting, recordkeeping and reporting requirements, labeling and packaging requirements, security controls and a restriction on prescription refills on certain pharmaceutical products under the CSA. The states also impose similar requirements for handling controlled substances. The United States and the EU member states are parties to the 1971 Convention. In October 2012, the World Health Organization sent a recommendation to the CND to reschedule GHB, under the 1971 Convention from its current Schedule IV status to Schedule II status. In March 2013, the CND voted to reschedule GHB from Schedule IV to Schedule II under the 1971 Convention. While the DEA imposes its own scheduling requirements in the United States under the CSA, the United States is obligated as a signatory to the 1971 Convention to ensure that drug scheduling in the United States is consistent with its obligations under the international treaties. Because sodium oxybate, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in Xyrem, is a derivative of GHB, the international rescheduling of GHB means that Xyrem and/or sodium oxybate may be subject to more restrictive registration, recordkeeping, reporting, importing, exporting and other requirements in the EU and certain other countries than the restrictions currently in place. In the United States, under DEA regulations, the Xyrem finished product is currently classified as a Schedule III controlled substance, with sodium oxybate, classified as a Schedule I controlled substance. Although the HHS has taken the position in the past that the United States would not be required to alter the domestic control of GHB should it be rescheduled to Schedule II under the 1971 Convention, we cannot guarantee that international rescheduling of GHB from Schedule IV to Schedule II will not impact restrictions on Xyrem in the United States. Failure by us or any of our partners, including suppliers, manufacturers and distributors, to comply with the requirements of the CSA and other regulatory bodies could result in, among other things, additional operating costs to us, delays in shipments outside or into the United States and adverse regulatory actions.

The U.S. federal healthcare program anti-kickback statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting, or receiving remuneration to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other federally financed healthcare programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical companies on one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common manufacturer business arrangements and activities from prosecution and administrative sanction, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations of our products may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exemption or safe harbor. We seek to comply with the exemptions and safe harbors whenever possible, but our practices may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for safe harbor protection from anti-kickback liability.

The False Claims Act prohibits, among other things, any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment of federal funds, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to get a false claim paid. Many pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been investigated and have reached substantial financial settlements with the federal government under the False Claims Act for a variety of alleged improper marketing activities, including providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product; providing consulting fees, grants, free travel, and other benefits to physicians to induce them to prescribe the company’s products; and inflating prices reported to private price publication services, which are used to set drug reimbursement rates under government healthcare programs. In addition, in recent years the government has pursued False Claims Act cases against a number of pharmaceutical companies for causing false claims to be submitted as a result of the marketing of their products for unapproved uses. Pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies also are subject to other federal false claim laws, including federal criminal healthcare fraud and false statement statutes that extend to non-government health benefit programs.

In addition, the Physician Payment Sunshine provisions of the Healthcare Reform Act require extensive tracking of payments and transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals and public reporting of the data collected. On September 30, 2014, CMS published the first set of data collected under the Sunshine provisions. On or before March 31, 2015, and on or before the 90th day of each subsequent calendar year, manufacturers covered under the Sunshine provisions will be required to submit a report disclosing payments and transfers of value made in the preceding calendar year, and CMS then will publish the reported data on or before June 30 of the reporting year. It is widely anticipated that public reporting under the

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Physician Payment Sunshine provisions will result in increased scrutiny of the financial relationships between industry, teaching hospitals and physicians, and such scrutiny may negatively impact our ability to engage with physicians on matters of importance to us. In addition, if the data reflected in our reports are found to be in violation of any of the Physician Payment Sunshine provisions or any other U.S. federal, state or local regulations that may apply, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages or fines.

The majority of states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti-kickback law and false claims laws, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. A number of states now require pharmaceutical companies to report expenses relating to the marketing and promotion of pharmaceutical products and to report gifts and payments to individual physicians in the states. Other states restrict when pharmaceutical companies may provide meals to prescribers or engage in other marketing related activities. Still other states require the posting of information relating to clinical studies and their outcomes. In addition, California, Connecticut, Massachusetts and Nevada require pharmaceutical companies to implement compliance programs or marketing codes of conduct. Other states have considered similar proposals in recent years. Non-U.S. governments often have similar regulations which we also will be subject to in those countries where we market and sell products.

In the EU, the advertising and promotion of our products are subject to EU member states’ laws governing promotion of medicinal products, interactions with physicians, misleading and comparative advertising and unfair commercial practices. In addition, other legislation adopted by individual EU member states may apply to the advertising and promotion of medicinal products. These laws require that promotional materials and advertising in relation to medicinal products comply with the product’s SmPC as approved by the competent authorities. The SmPC is the document that provides information to physicians concerning the safe and effective use of the medicinal product. It forms an intrinsic and integral part of the marketing authorization granted for the medicinal product. Promotion of a medicinal product that does not comply with the SmPC is considered to constitute off-label promotion. The off-label promotion of medicinal products is prohibited in the EU. The applicable laws at EU level and in the individual EU member states also prohibit the direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription-only medicinal products. Violations of the rules governing the promotion of medicinal products in the EU could be penalized by administrative measures, fines and imprisonment. These laws may further limit or restrict the advertising and promotion of our products to the general public and may also impose limitations on our promotional activities with health care professionals.

Interactions between pharmaceutical companies and physicians are also governed by strict laws, regulations, industry self-regulation codes of conduct and physicians’ codes of professional conduct in the individual EU member states. The provision of benefits or advantages to physicians to induce or encourage the prescription, recommendation, endorsement, purchase, supply, order or use of medicinal products is prohibited in the EU. The provision of benefits or advantages to physicians is also governed by the national anti-bribery laws of the EU member states. One example is the UK Bribery Act. As further discussed below, the UK Bribery Act applies to any company incorporated in or “carrying on business” in the UK, irrespective of where in the world the alleged bribery activity occurs, which could have implications for our interactions with physicians both in and outside the UK. Violation of these laws could result in substantial fines and imprisonment. Payments made to physicians in certain EU member states also must be publicly disclosed. Moreover, agreements with physicians must often be the subject of prior notification and approval by the physician’s employer, his/her competent professional organization, and/or the competent authorities of the individual EU member states. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in reputational risk, public reprimands, administrative penalties, fines or imprisonment.

Our business activities outside of the United States are subject to the FCPA and similar anti-bribery or anti-corruption laws, regulations or rules of other countries in which we operate, including the UK Bribery Act. The FCPA and similar anti-corruption laws generally prohibit the offering, promising, giving, or authorizing others to give anything of value, either directly or indirectly, to non-U.S. government officials in order to improperly influence any act or decision, secure any other improper advantage, or obtain or retain business. The FCPA also requires public companies to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect the transactions of the company and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. The UK Bribery Act prohibits giving, offering, or promising bribes to any person, including non-UK government officials and private persons, as well as requesting, agreeing to receive, or accepting bribes from any person. In addition, under the UK Bribery Act, companies which carry on a business or part of a business in the UK may be held liable for bribes given, offered or promised to any person, including non-UK government officials and private persons, by employees and persons associated with the company in order to obtain or retain business or a business advantage for the company. Liability is strict, with no element of a corrupt state of mind, but a defense of having in place adequate procedures designed to prevent bribery is available. Furthermore, under the UK Bribery Act there is no exception for facilitation payments. As described above, our business is heavily regulated and therefore involves significant interaction with public officials, including officials of non-U.S. governments. Additionally, in many other countries, the health care providers who prescribe pharmaceuticals are employed by their government, and the purchasers of pharmaceuticals are government entities; therefore, our dealings with these prescribers and purchasers may be subject to regulation under the FCPA. Recently the SEC and the DOJ have increased their FCPA enforcement activities with respect to pharmaceutical companies. In addition, under the Dodd-

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Frank Act, private individuals who report to the SEC original information that leads to successful enforcement actions may be eligible for a monetary award. We are engaged in ongoing efforts that are designed to ensure our compliance with these laws, including due diligence, training, policies, procedures and internal controls. However, there is no certainty that all employees and third party business partners (including our distributors, wholesalers, agents, contractors, and other partners) will comply with anti-bribery laws. In particular, we do not control the actions of manufacturers and other third party agents, although we may be liable for their actions. Violation of these laws may result in civil or criminal sanctions, which could include monetary fines, criminal penalties, and disgorgement of past profits, which could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial condition.

We are also subject to laws and regulations covering data privacy and the protection of health-related and other personal information. The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve, and there has been an increasing focus on privacy and data protection issues which may affect our business, including recently enacted laws in all jurisdictions where we operate. Numerous federal and state laws, including state security breach notification laws, state health information privacy laws and federal and state consumer protection laws, govern the collection, use and disclosure of personal information. In addition, we obtain patient health information from most healthcare providers who prescribe our products and research institutions we collaborate with, and they are subject to privacy and security requirements under the HIPAA. Although we are not directly subject to HIPAA other than with respect to providing certain employee benefits, we could potentially be subject to criminal penalties if we knowingly obtain or disclose individually identifiable health information maintained by a HIPAA-covered entity in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA. Moreover, EU member states and other jurisdictions have adopted data protection laws and regulations which impose significant compliance obligations. For example, the EU Data Protection Directive, as implemented into national laws by the EU member states, imposes strict obligations and restrictions on the ability to collect, analyze and transfer personal data, including health data from clinical trials and adverse event reporting. Furthermore, there is a move toward the public disclosure of clinical trial data in the EU, which also adds to the complexity of processing health data from clinical trials. Public disclosure of clinical trial data is provided for in the new EU Clinical Trials Regulation, EMA disclosure initiatives, and voluntary commitments by industry. Data protection authorities from the different EU member states may interpret the EU Data Protection Directive and national laws differently, which adds to the complexity of processing personal data in the EU, and guidance on implementation and compliance practices are often updated or otherwise revised. Failing to comply with these laws could lead to government enforcement actions and significant penalties against us, and adversely impact our operating results. The EU Data Protection Directive prohibits the transfer of personal data to countries outside of the EEA, such as the United States, which are not considered by the EC to provide an adequate level of data protection. There are also similar restrictions imposed on transfer of data from Switzerland to the United States. However, there are a number of legal mechanisms to allow for the transfer of personal data from the EEA and Switzerland to the United States, including, among others, a voluntary U.S. - EU Safe Harbor Framework, a voluntary U.S. - Switzerland Safe Harbor Framework and the EU’s set of standard form contractual clauses for the transfer of personal data out of the EEA to third countries where different data protection rules apply. Our U.S. subsidiary, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc., has certified compliance with the U.S. - EU Safe Harbor Framework through the DOC. A proposal for an EU Data Protection Regulation, intended to replace the current EU Data Protection Directive, is currently under consideration. The proposed EU Data Protection Regulation, if adopted, is expected to introduce new data protection requirements and substantial fines for breaches of the data protection rules. If the draft EU Data Protection Regulation is adopted in its current form it may increase our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms ensuring compliance with the new EU data protection rules.

The number and complexity of both U.S. federal and state laws continue to increase, and additional governmental resources are being added to enforce these laws and to prosecute companies and individuals who are believed to be violating them. In particular, the Healthcare Reform Act includes a number of provisions aimed at strengthening the government’s ability to pursue anti-kickback and false claims cases against pharmaceutical manufacturers and other healthcare entities, including substantially increased funding for healthcare fraud enforcement activities, enhanced investigative powers, and amendments to the False Claims Act that make it easier for the government and whistleblowers to pursue cases for alleged kickback and false claim violations. While it is too early to predict what effect these changes will have on our business, we anticipate that government scrutiny of pharmaceutical sales and marketing practices will continue for the foreseeable future and subject us to the risk of government investigations and enforcement actions. Responding to a government investigation or enforcement action would be expensive and time-consuming, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Compliance with U.S. federal and state, EU and EU member state national laws that apply to pharmaceutical manufacturers is difficult and time consuming, and companies that violate these laws may face substantial penalties. The potential sanctions include civil monetary penalties, exclusion of a company’s products from reimbursement under government programs, criminal fines and imprisonment. Because of the breadth of these laws and, in some cases, the lack of extensive legal guidance in the form of regulations or court decisions, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of these laws. For example, the FTC has been paying increasing attention to the use of REMS by

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companies selling branded products, in particular to whether REMS may be being deliberately used to reduce the risk of competition from generic drugs in a way that may be deemed to be anticompetitive. It is possible that the FTC or others could claim that our REMS or other practices are being used in an anticompetitive manner. The FDCA further states that a REMS shall not be used by an NDA holder to block or delay generic drugs from entering the market. Three of the ANDA applicants have asserted that our patents covering the distribution system for Xyrem should not have been listed in the Orange Book, and that the Xyrem REMS is blocking competition. Such a challenge or any other challenge that we or our business partners have failed to comply with applicable laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. If we or the other parties with whom we work fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, we or they could be subject to a range of regulatory actions that could affect our ability to commercialize our products and could harm or prevent sales of the affected products, or could substantially increase the costs and expenses of commercializing and marketing our products. Any threatened or actual government enforcement action could also generate adverse publicity and require that we devote substantial resources that could otherwise be used in other aspects of our business.

We manufacture certain active pharmaceutical ingredients, including the defibrotide drug substance, at our manufacturing facilities in Italy. In addition, we have engaged a third party manufacturer to process defibrotide into the finished product in Italy. Our manufacturing facilities and those of our third party manufacturer are subject to continuing regulation by the Italian Health Authority and other Italian regulatory authorities with respect to the manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients, including the defibrotide drug substance or its finished form. These facilities are also subject to inspection and regulation by the EMA with respect to the manufacturing of the defibrotide drug substance and its finished form. Also, part of the process to obtain approval for defibrotide is to pass a pre-approval inspection by the EMA, Italian Health Authority and the FDA to ensure that these facilities are in compliance with cGMP. Following initial approval in a jurisdiction, the applicable authorities will continue to inspect our manufacturing facilities and those of our third party manufacturer, in some cases, unannounced, to confirm ongoing compliance with cGMP. The cGMP requirements govern quality control of the manufacturing process and documentation policies and procedures, and we and our third party manufacturers will need to ensure that all of our processes, methods and equipment are compliant with cGMP. These authorities may deny approval to manufacture our products, require us to stop manufacturing our products, deny approval to the sale of our products or suspend the sale of our products, if they determine that either our facilities or our third party manufacturer’s facility in Italy does not meet the standards of compliance required under applicable regulations.

If we fail to comply with our reporting and payment obligations under the Medicaid Drug Rebate program or other governmental pricing programs, we could be subject to additional reimbursement requirements, penalties, sanctions and fines, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We participate in and have certain price reporting obligations to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, several state Medicaid supplemental rebate and other governmental pricing programs, and we have obligations to report average sales price under the Medicare program.

Under the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, we are required to pay a rebate to each state Medicaid program for our covered outpatient drugs that are dispensed to Medicaid beneficiaries and paid for by a state Medicaid program as a condition of having federal funds being made available to the states for our drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. Those rebates are based on pricing data reported by us on a monthly and quarterly basis to CMS, the federal agency that administers the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. These data include the average manufacturer price and, in the case of innovator products, the best price for each drug which, in general, represents the lowest price available from the manufacturer to any entity in the United States in any pricing structure, calculated to include all sales and associated rebates, discounts and other price concessions. Such data previously have not been submitted for ProstaScint^® (capromab pendetide) and Quadramet^® (samarium sm 153 lexidronam injection), which are radiopharmaceutical products. We engaged in interactions with CMS and a trade group, the Council on Radionuclides and Radiopharmaceuticals, or CORAR, regarding the reporting of Medicaid pricing data and paying Medicaid rebates for radiopharmaceutical products. For ProstaScint, we plan to begin making any required reports when CMS issues guidance on any requirements and reporting methodologies. We sold Quadramet to a third party in December 2013, but have retained any liabilities related to sales of the product during prior periods. In addition to the discussions with CMS as part of CORAR, we have had separate discussions with CMS directly regarding Quadramet. We are currently unable to predict whether price reporting and rebates will be required for ProstaScint and Quadramet and, if so, for what period they will be required. We are currently unable to reasonably estimate an amount or range of a potential contingent loss related to the payment of rebates for Quadramet or ProstaScint. Any material liability resulting from radiopharmaceutical price reporting and rebates would negatively impact our financial results.

The Healthcare Reform Act made significant changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. Effective March 23, 2010, rebate liability expanded from fee-for-service Medicaid utilization to include the utilization of Medicaid managed care organizations as well. With regard to the amount of the rebates owed, the Healthcare Reform Act increased the minimum

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Medicaid rebate from 15.1% to 23.1% of the average manufacturer price for most innovator products and from 11.0% to 13.0% for non-innovator products; changed the calculation of the rebate for certain innovator products that qualify as line extensions of existing drugs; and capped the total rebate amount for innovator drugs at 100% of the average manufacturer price. In addition, the Healthcare Reform Act and subsequent legislation changed the definition of average manufacturer price. Finally, the Healthcare Reform Act requires pharmaceutical manufacturers of branded prescription drugs to pay a branded prescription drug fee to the federal government. Each individual pharmaceutical manufacturer pays a prorated share of the branded prescription drug fee of $3.0 billion in 2015, based on the dollar value of its branded prescription drug sales to certain federal programs identified in the law. Sales of “orphan drugs” - those designated under section 526 of the FDCA - are excluded from this fee as long as no non-orphan indications have been approved for such orphan drugs.

In 2012, CMS issued proposed regulations to implement the changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program under the Healthcare Reform Act but has not yet issued final regulations. CMS is currently expected to release the final regulations in April 2015. Moreover, in the future, Congress could enact legislation that further increases Medicaid drug rebates or other costs and charges associated with participating in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. The issuance of regulations and coverage expansion by various governmental agencies relating to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program has and will continue to increase our costs and the complexity of compliance, has been and will be time-consuming, and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Federal law requires that any company that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program also participate in the Public Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program in order for federal funds to be available for the manufacturer’s drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. The 340B pricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to charge statutorily-defined covered entities no more than the 340B “ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. These 340B covered entities include a variety of community health clinics and other entities that receive health services grants from the Public Health Service, as well as hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low-income patients, and the Healthcare Reform Act expanded the list of covered entities to include certain free-standing cancer hospitals, critical access hospitals, rural referral centers and sole community hospitals. The 340B ceiling price is calculated using a statutory formula, which is based on the average manufacturer price and rebate amount for the covered outpatient drug as calculated under the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. Changes to the definition of average manufacturer price and the Medicaid rebate amount under the Healthcare Reform Act and CMS’s issuance of final regulations implementing those changes also could affect our 340B ceiling price calculations and negatively impact our results of operations. The initiation of any reporting of Medicaid pricing data for ProstaScint and Quadramet could result in retroactive 340B ceiling price liability for these two products as well as prospective 340B ceiling price obligations for ProstaScint. We are currently unable to reasonably estimate an amount or range of a contingent loss. Any material liability resulting from radiopharmaceutical price reporting would negatively impact our financial results.

The Healthcare Reform Act also exempts “orphan drugs” from the ceiling price requirements for the covered entities added to the program by the Healthcare Reform Act. An interpretive rule to implement this statutory orphan drug exemption under a narrow interpretation was issued in July 2014 by the Health Resources and Services Administration, or HRSA, which administers the 340B program. However, a pending legal challenge to the validity of this interpretive rule has made the application of the statutory orphan drug exception uncertain. If the HRSA’s narrow interpretation of the scope of the orphan drug exemption prevails, it could potentially negatively impact the price we are paid for certain of our products by certain entities for some uses and increase the complexity of compliance with the 340B program.

The Healthcare Reform Act also obligates the Secretary of the HHS to create regulations and processes to improve the integrity of the 340B program and to update the agreement that manufacturers must sign to participate in the 340B program to obligate a manufacturer to offer the 340B price to covered entities if the manufacturer makes the drug available to any other purchaser at any price and to report to the government the ceiling prices for its drugs. The HRSA currently is expected to issue proposed regulations in 2015 that will address many aspects of the 340B program. Any final regulation could affect our obligations under the 340B program in ways we cannot anticipate. In addition, legislation may be introduced that, if passed, would further expand the 340B program to additional covered entities or would require participating manufacturers to agree to provide 340B discounted pricing on drugs used in the inpatient setting.

Federal law also requires that a company that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program report average sales price information each quarter to CMS for certain categories of drugs that are paid under the Medicare Part B program. Manufacturers calculate the average sales price based on a statutorily defined formula as well as regulations and interpretations of the statute by CMS. CMS uses these submissions to determine payment rates for drugs under Medicare Part B. Statutory or regulatory changes or CMS binding guidance could affect the average sales price calculations for our products and the resulting Medicare payment rate, and could negatively impact our results of operations.

Pricing and rebate calculations vary among products and programs. The calculations are complex and are often subject to interpretation by us, governmental or regulatory agencies and the courts. The Medicaid rebate amount is computed each quarter based on our submission to CMS of our current average manufacturer prices and best prices for the quarter. If we become

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aware that our reporting for a prior quarter was incorrect, or has changed as a result of recalculation of the pricing data, we are obligated to resubmit the corrected data for a period not to exceed twelve quarters from the quarter in which the data originally were due. Such restatements and recalculations increase our costs for complying with the laws and regulations governing the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. Any corrections to our rebate calculations could result in an overage or underage in our rebate liability for past quarters, depending on the nature of the correction. Price recalculations also may affect the ceiling price at which we are required to offer our products to certain covered entities, such as safety-net providers, under the 340B drug discount program.

We are liable for errors associated with our submission of pricing data. In addition to retroactive rebates and the potential for 340B program refunds, if we are found to have knowingly submitted any false price information to the government, we may be liable for civil monetary penalties in the amount of $100,000 per item of false information. If we are found to have made a misrepresentation in the reporting of our average sales price, the Medicare statute provides for civil monetary penalties of up to $10,000 for each misrepresentation for each day in which the misrepresentation was applied. Our failure to submit the required price data on a timely basis could result in a civil monetary penalty of $10,000 per day for each day the information is late beyond the due date. Such failure also could be grounds for CMS to terminate our Medicaid drug rebate agreement, pursuant to which we participate in the Medicaid program. In the event that CMS terminates our rebate agreement, federal payments may not be available under Medicaid or Medicare Part B for our covered outpatient drugs.

In September 2010, CMS and the OIG indicated that they intend to pursue more aggressively those companies who fail to report these data to the government in a timely manner. Governmental agencies may also make changes in program interpretations, requirements or conditions of participation, some of which may have implications for amounts previously estimated or paid. We cannot assure you that our submissions will not be found by CMS to be incomplete or incorrect.

In order to be eligible to have our products paid for with federal funds under the Medicaid and Medicare Part B programs and purchased by certain federal agencies, we participate in the VA FSS pricing program. Under this program, we are obligated to make our product available for procurement on an FSS contract and charge a price to four federal agencies – VA, DoD, Public Health Service, and Coast Guard – that is no higher than the statutory FCP. The FCP is based on the Non-FAMP, which we calculate and report to the VA on a quarterly and annual basis. Pursuant to applicable law, knowing provision of false information in connection with a Non-FAMP filing can subject a manufacturer to penalties of $100,000 for each item of false information.

FSS contracts are federal procurement contracts that include standard government terms and conditions, separate pricing for each product, and extensive disclosure and certification requirements. All items on FSS contracts are subject to a standard FSS contract clause that requires FSS contract price reductions under certain circumstances where pricing is reduced to an agreed “tracking customer.” Further, in addition to the “Big Four” agencies, all other federal agencies and some non-federal entities are authorized to access FSS contracts. FSS contractors are permitted to charge FSS purchasers other than the Big Four agencies “negotiated pricing” for covered drugs that is not capped by the FCP; instead, such pricing is negotiated based on a mandatory disclosure of the contractor’s commercial “most favored customer” pricing. We offer one single FCP-based FSS contract price to all FSS purchasers for all products.

We also participate in the Tricare Retail Pharmacy program, under which we pay quarterly rebates on utilization of innovator products that are dispensed through the Tricare Retail Pharmacy network to Tricare beneficiaries. We are required to list our covered products on a Tricare Agreement in order for these products to be eligible for DoD formulary inclusion. The rebates are calculated as the difference between the annual Non-FAMP and FCP.

If we overcharge the government in connection with our FSS contract or Tricare Agreement, whether due to a misstated FCP or otherwise, we are required to refund the difference to the government. Failure to make necessary disclosures and/or to identify contract overcharges can result in allegations against us under the False Claims Act and other laws and regulations. Unexpected refunds to the government, and responding to a government investigation or enforcement action, would be expensive and time-consuming, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Price approvals and reimbursement may not be available for our products, which could diminish our sales or affect our ability to sell our products profitably.

In both U.S. and non-U.S. markets, our ability to commercialize our products successfully, and to attract commercialization partners for our products, depends in significant part on the availability of adequate financial coverage and reimbursement from third party payors, including, in the United States, governmental payors such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs, managed care organizations and private health insurers. In many countries, price approvals must be obtained before products can be placed on the market or submitted for reimbursement. Third party payors, including government payors, decide which drugs can be reimbursed and establish reimbursement and co-pay levels and conditions for reimbursement. Third party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services and examining their cost effectiveness, in addition to their safety and efficacy. In some cases, for example, third party payors try to

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encourage the use of less expensive generic products through their prescription benefits coverage and reimbursement and co-pay policies. We may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic and/or clinical studies in order to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of our products. Even with such studies, our products may be considered less safe, less effective or less cost-effective than other products, and third party payors may not provide and maintain price approvals, coverage and reimbursement for our products or any of our product candidates that we commercialize, in whole or in part.

Political, economic and regulatory influences are subjecting the healthcare industry in the United States to fundamental changes. There have been, and we expect there will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in ways that could impact our ability to sell our products profitably. We anticipate that the United States Congress, state legislatures and the private sector will continue to consider and may adopt healthcare policies intended to curb rising healthcare costs. These cost containment measures include: controls on government-funded reimbursement for drugs; new or increased requirements to pay prescription drug rebates to government health care programs, controls on healthcare providers; challenges to the pricing of drugs or limits or prohibitions on reimbursement for specific products through other means; requirements to try less expensive products or generics before a more expensive branded product; changes in drug importation laws; expansion of use of managed care systems in which healthcare providers contract to provide comprehensive healthcare for a fixed cost per person; and public funding for cost effectiveness research, which may be used by government and private third party payors to make coverage and payment decisions. For example, much attention has been paid to legislation proposing federal rebates on Medicare Part D and Medicare Advantage utilization for drugs issued to certain groups of lower income beneficiaries and the desire to change the provisions that treat these dual-eligible patients differently from traditional Medicare patients. Any such changes could have a negative impact on revenues from sales of our products.

Third party payors’ practices may affect the conditions required for reimbursement of our products, as well as the availability of reimbursement for our products, including Xyrem and Defitelio. Our business could be materially harmed if the Medicaid program, Medicare program or other third party payors in the United States or elsewhere were to deny reimbursement for our products or provide reimbursement only on unfavorable terms. This risk is particularly significant with respect to Xyrem in the United States and to Defitelio in Europe, in part due to payor sensitivity to the price of these products. Third party payors often require prior authorization for, require reauthorization for continuation of, or refuse to provide, reimbursement for our products, and others may do so in the future. Patients who cannot meet the conditions imposed by third party payors for prior authorizations or reauthorizations may not be able to obtain the prescribed medication due to an inability to afford the medication. For example, we are experiencing increasingly restrictive conditions for reimbursement required by some third party payors for Xyrem. While this increase has not had a material effect on the overall level of reimbursement coverage for Xyrem, it may do so in the future. In addition, increases in reimbursement-related activities have extended the time required to fill prescriptions and could continue to do so in the future. If we are unsuccessful in maintaining reimbursement for our products in a timely manner and at acceptable levels, if reimbursement for our products by third party payors is subject to overly restrictive conditions, or if third party payors refuse to provide reimbursement, the level of reimbursement for our products could be negatively impacted, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Our business could also be harmed if the Medicaid program, Medicare program or other reimbursing bodies or payors limit the indications for which our products will be reimbursed to a smaller set of indications than we believe is appropriate or limit the circumstances under which our products will be reimbursed to a smaller set of circumstances than we believe is appropriate. In addition, third party payors draw on diagnostic criteria to establish reimbursement guidelines. Meaningful changes to the diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy are included in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published in May 2013, and the third edition of International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3) published in February 2014. As a result, third party payors may make changes to the coverage and reimbursement for our products, which may have a negative impact on revenues from our products, including Xyrem.

In many countries, procedures to obtain price approvals, coverage and reimbursement can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval. During 2014, Defitelio was launched in a number of European countries. We are in the process of making pricing and reimbursement submissions with respect to Defitelio, and discussing them with regulatory authorities, in those European countries where Defitelio is not yet launched, including in countries where pricing and reimbursement approvals are required for launch. We cannot predict the timing of Defitelio’s launch in countries where we are awaiting pricing and reimbursement approvals. If we experience delays and unforeseen difficulties in obtaining favorable pricing and reimbursement approvals, planned launches in the affected countries would be delayed, or, if we are unable to ultimately obtain favorable pricing and reimbursement approvals in countries that represent significant markets, our growth prospects in Europe could be negatively affected. See the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “We may not be

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able to successfully maintain or grow sales of Defitelio in Europe, or obtain marketing approval of defibrotide in other countries, including the United States, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.”

We cannot predict actions third party payors may take, or whether they will limit the price approvals, coverage and level of reimbursement for our products or refuse to provide and maintain any approvals or coverage at all. For example, because some of our products compete in a market with both branded and generic products, obtaining and maintaining price approvals and reimbursement coverage by government and private payors may be more challenging than for new chemical entities for which no therapeutic alternatives exist. Additionally, in many countries, reimbursement guidelines and incentives provided to prescribing physicians by third party payors may have a significant impact on the prescribing physicians’ willingness to prescribe our products. For example, the U.S. federal government follows a Medicare severity diagnosis-related group, or MS-DRG, payment system for certain institutional services provided under Medicare, which some states also use for Medicaid. The MS-DRG system entitles a healthcare facility to a fixed reimbursement based on discharge diagnoses rather than actual costs incurred in providing inpatient treatment, thereby increasing the incentive for the facility to limit or control expenditures for many healthcare products. For our products used in the inpatient setting, there may not be sufficient reimbursement under the MS-DRG to fully cover the cost of our products. We cannot be sure that reimbursement amounts, or the lack of reimbursement, will not reduce the demand for, or the price of, our products. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to effectively commercialize our products.

Third party payors frequently require that drug companies negotiate agreements with them that provide discounts or rebates from list prices. We have agreed to provide such discounts and rebates to some third party payors in relation to our products. We expect increasing pressure to offer larger discounts or discounts to a greater number of third party payors to maintain acceptable reimbursement levels and access for patients at co-pay levels that are reasonable and customary. In addition, if our competitors reduce the prices of their products, or otherwise demonstrate that they are better or more cost effective than our products, this may result in a greater level of reimbursement for their products relative to our products, which would reduce our sales and harm our results of operations. The process for determining whether a payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the price or reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product once coverage is approved. Third party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the approved products for a particular indication. For example, third party payors have started to require discounts and/or exclusivity arrangements with some drug manufacturers in exchange for including a specific product on their formularies. Any such requirements could have a negative impact on revenues from sales of our products.

Payors also are increasingly considering new metrics as the basis for reimbursement rates, such as average sales price, average manufacturer price and actual acquisition cost. The existing data for reimbursement based on these metrics is relatively limited, although certain states have begun to survey acquisition cost data for the purpose of setting Medicaid reimbursement rates and since November 2013, CMS has been publishing final NADAC data, which reflect retail community pharmacy invoice costs, on a weekly basis. Therefore, it may be difficult to project the impact of these evolving reimbursement mechanics on the willingness of payors to cover our products. Any failure to cover our products appropriately, in addition to legislative and regulatory changes and others that may occur in the future, could impact our ability to maximize revenues in the federal marketplace. As discussed above, recent legislative changes to the 340B drug pricing program, the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, and the Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit also could impact our revenues. A significant portion of our revenue from sales of Erwinaze is obtained through government payors, including Medicaid, and any failure to qualify for reimbursement for Erwinaze under those programs would have a material adverse effect on revenues from sales of Erwinaze.

We expect to experience pricing pressure in the United States in connection with the sale of our products due to managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative proposals. In various EU member states we expect to be subject to continuous cost-cutting measures, such as lower maximum prices, lower or lack of reimbursement coverage and incentives to use cheaper, usually generic, products as an alternative. If we fail to successfully secure and maintain reimbursement coverage for our products or are significantly delayed in doing so, we will have difficulty achieving market acceptance of our products and our business will be harmed. We have periodically increased the price of Xyrem, most recently in February 2015, and we have made and may in the future make similar price increases on our other products. We cannot assure you that such price adjustments will not negatively affect our ability to secure and maintain reimbursement coverage for our products, which could negatively impact our sales volumes and revenue.

Health Technology Assessment, or HTA, of medicinal products is becoming an increasingly common part of the pricing and reimbursement procedures in some EU member states. These EU member states include the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Sweden. The HTA process, which is governed by the national laws of these countries, is the procedure according to which the assessment of the public health impact, therapeutic impact and the economic and societal impact of use of a given medicinal product in the national healthcare systems of the individual country is conducted. HTA generally focuses on the clinical efficacy and effectiveness, safety, cost, and cost-effectiveness of individual medicinal products, as well as their potential implications for the healthcare system. Those elements of medicinal products are compared with other treatment

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options available on the market. The outcome of HTA regarding specific medicinal products will often influence the pricing and reimbursement status granted to these medicinal products by the competent authorities of individual EU member states. The extent to which pricing and reimbursement decisions are influenced by the HTA of the specific medicinal product vary between EU member states and cannot be determined or anticipated in relation to our products at the present time. For example, France requires the evaluation of the medical benefits of a new product as well as the added clinical value of a new product in comparison with existing therapies, and we are evaluating the impact of this evaluation on our ability to obtain favorable pricing and reimbursement in France. If we are unable to ultimately obtain favorable pricing and reimbursement approvals in countries that represent significant markets, including France, especially where a country’s reimbursed price influences other countries, our growth prospects in Europe could be negatively affected.

In the EU, our products are marketed through various channels and within different legal frameworks. In certain EU member states, reimbursement for unauthorized products may be provided through national named patient programs. Such reimbursement may no longer be available if authorization for named patient programs expire or are terminated. In other EU member states, authorization and reimbursement policies may also delay commercialization of our products, or may adversely affect our ability to sell our products on a profitable basis. After initial price and reimbursement approvals, reductions in prices and changes in reimbursement levels can be triggered by multiple factors, including reference pricing systems and publication of discounts by third party payors or authorities in other countries. In the EU, prices can be reduced further by parallel distribution and parallel trade, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states.

There also continue to be legislative proposals to amend U.S. laws to allow the importation into the United States of prescription drugs, which can be sold at prices that are regulated by the governments of various non-U.S. countries. For example, in October 2013, the State of Maine enacted a bill to allow residents of the state to purchase prescription drugs from other countries, including Canada. The potential importation of prescription drugs could pose significant safety concerns for patients, increase the risk of counterfeit products becoming available in the market, and could also have a negative impact on prescription drug prices in the United States. For example, the potential importation of Xyrem without the safeguard of our Xyrem REMS program could harm patients and could also negatively impact Xyrem revenues.

Product liability and product recalls could harm our business.

The development, manufacture, testing, marketing and sale of pharmaceutical products are associated with significant risks of product liability claims or recalls. Side effects or adverse events known or reported to be associated with, or manufacturing defects in, the products sold by us could exacerbate a patient’s condition, or could result in serious injury or impairments or even death. This could result in product liability claims and/or recalls of one or more of our products. Some of our products, including Xyrem and Prialt, have boxed warnings in their labels. In addition, in the EU, Defitelio’s label includes an inverted black triangle that indicates the product is subject to additional monitoring to permit quick identification of new safety information, as a condition of authorization of Defitelio under “exceptional circumstances.” In many countries, including in EU member states, national laws provide for strict (no-fault) liability which applies even where damages are caused both by a defect in a product and by the act or omission of a third party.

Product liability claims may be brought by individuals seeking relief for themselves, or by groups seeking to represent a class of injured patients. Further, third party payors, either individually or as a putative class, may bring actions seeking to recover monies spent on one of our products. While we have not had to defend against any product liability claims to date, as sales of our products increase, we believe it is likely product liability claims will be made against us. The risk of product liability claims may also increase if a company receives a warning letter from a regulatory agency. We cannot predict the frequency, outcome or cost to defend any such claims.

Product liability insurance coverage is expensive, can be difficult to obtain and may not be available in the future on acceptable terms, or at all. Our product liability insurance may not cover all of the future liabilities we might incur in connection with the development, manufacture or sale of our products. In addition, we may not continue to be able to obtain insurance on satisfactory terms or in adequate amounts.

A successful claim or claims brought against us in excess of available insurance coverage could subject us to significant liabilities and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. Such claims could also harm our reputation and the reputation of our products, adversely affecting our ability to market our products successfully. In addition, defending a product liability lawsuit is expensive and can divert the attention of key employees from operating our business.

Product recalls may be issued at our discretion or at the discretion of our suppliers, government agencies and other entities that have regulatory authority for pharmaceutical sales. Any recall of our products could materially adversely affect our

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business by rendering us unable to sell that product for some time and by adversely affecting our reputation. A recall could also result in product liability claims by individuals and third party payors. In addition, product liability claims could result in an investigation of the safety or efficacy of our products, our manufacturing processes and facilities, or our marketing programs conducted by the FDA, the EMA, or the competent authorities of the EU member states. Such investigations could also potentially lead to a recall of our products or more serious enforcement actions, limitations on the indications for which they may be used, or suspension, variation, or withdrawal of approval. Any such regulatory action by the FDA, the EMA or the competent authorities of the EU member states could lead to product liability lawsuits as well.

We use, or will use, hazardous materials in our current and planned manufacturing facilities, and any claims relating to the improper handling, storage, release or disposal of these materials could be time-consuming and expensive.

Our operations are subject to complex and increasingly stringent environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in the countries where we operate and, in particular, in Italy where we have, and in Ireland where we are building, manufacturing facilities. Environmental and health and safety authorities in the relevant jurisdictions administer laws, which implement EU directives and regulations governing, among other matters, the emission of pollutants into the air (including the workplace), the discharge of pollutants into bodies of water, the storage, use, handling and disposal of hazardous substances, the exposure of persons to hazardous substances, and the general health, safety and welfare of employees and members of the public. Our manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients in Italy involves, and our planned manufacturing activities in Ireland will also involve, the controlled storage, use and disposal of chemicals and solvents. For our facility in Italy, we have obtained certification under the UNI EN ISO 14001 Standard for our environmental management system and have an Eco-management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). Our environmental policy is designed to comply with current EU laws and regulations on environmental protection, to provide for continuous improvement of our manufacturing performance, to protect our employees’ health, to protect the safety of people working at our location in Italy and to respect the safety of people living close to our plant and in the surrounding community. Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of these hazardous materials comply with the standards prescribed by these EU laws and regulations, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from hazardous materials. If an accident occurs, an injured party could seek to hold us liable for any damages that result and any liability could exceed the limits or fall outside the coverage of our insurance. We may not be able to maintain insurance on acceptable terms, or at all. We may incur significant costs to comply with current or future EU environmental laws and regulations.

Risks Relating to Our Financial Condition

We have incurred substantial debt, which could impair our flexibility and access to capital and adversely affect our financial position.

As of December 31, 2014, we had total indebtedness of approximately $1.5 billion, which included $895.4 million of outstanding secured indebtedness under a credit agreement that we entered into in June 2012 and subsequently amended in June 2013 and January 2014, which we refer to as our credit agreement, and $575.0 million of outstanding indebtedness under our 1.875% exchangeable senior notes due 2021, or the 2021 Notes, which were issued in August 2014. Our debt may:


•	limit our ability to borrow additional funds for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general business purposes;


•	limit our ability to use our cash flow or obtain additional financing for future working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general business purposes;


•	require us to use a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make debt service payments;


•	limit our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business and industry;


•	result in dilution to our existing shareholders in the event exchanges of our 2021 Notes are settled in our ordinary shares;


•	place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our less leveraged competitors; and


•	increase our vulnerability to the impact of adverse economic and industry conditions.

Our ability to meet our debt service obligations will depend on our future performance, which will be subject to financial, business and other factors affecting our operations, many of which are beyond our control. If we do not have sufficient funds to meet our debt service obligations, we may be required to refinance or restructure all or part of our existing debt, sell assets, borrow more money or sell securities, none of which we can assure you that we would be able to do in a timely manner, or at all.

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Covenants in our credit agreement restrict our business and operations in many ways and if we do not effectively manage our covenants, our financial conditions and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our credit agreement currently provides for $904.4 million of term loans due in June 2018 and a $425.0 million revolving credit facility, with loans under such revolving credit facility due in June 2017, subject to early mandatory repayments under certain circumstances. The credit agreement contains various covenants that limit our ability and/or our restricted subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things:


•	incur or assume liens or additional debt or provide guarantees in respect of obligations of other persons;


•	issue redeemable preferred stock;


•	pay dividends or distributions or redeem or repurchase capital stock;


•	prepay, redeem or repurchase certain debt;


•	make loans, investments, acquisitions (including acquisitions of exclusive licenses) and capital expenditures;


•	enter into agreements that restrict distributions from our subsidiaries;


•	sell assets and capital stock of our subsidiaries;


•	enter into certain transactions with affiliates; and


•	consolidate or merge with or into, or sell substantially all of our assets to, another person.

Our credit agreement also includes a financial covenant that requires us to maintain a maximum secured leverage ratio. Our ability to comply with this financial covenant may be affected by events beyond our control. In addition, the covenants under the credit agreement could restrict our operations, particularly our ability to respond to changes in our business or to take specified actions to take advantage of certain business opportunities that may be presented to us. Our failure to comply with any of the covenants could result in a default under the credit agreement, which could permit the lenders to declare all or part of any outstanding borrowings to be immediately due and payable, or to refuse to permit additional borrowings under the revolving credit facility. In addition, the holders of our 2021 Notes have the ability to require us to repurchase their notes for cash if we undergo certain fundamental changes, such as a specified change of control transactions, our liquidation or dissolution or the delisting of our ordinary shares from The NASDAQ Global Select Market. Moreover, upon exchange of the 2021 Notes, unless we elect to cause to be delivered solely ordinary shares to settle such exchange, we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the 2021 Notes being exchanged. In this regard, it is our intent and policy to settle the principal amount of the 2021 Notes in cash upon exchange. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make any required repurchases of surrendered 2021 Notes or to pay cash upon exchanges of 2021 Notes. Our failure to repurchase 2021 Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture governing the 2021 Notes or to pay any cash payable on future exchanges of the 2021 Notes as required by the indenture governing the 2021 Notes would constitute a default under that indenture. A default under that indenture could also lead to a default under agreements governing our current or future indebtedness, including our credit agreement. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the related indebtedness, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our business. In this regard, if we are unable to repay amounts under our credit agreement, the lenders under the credit agreement could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that debt, which would seriously harm our business.

To continue to grow our business, we will need to commit substantial resources, which could result in future losses or otherwise limit our opportunities or affect our ability to operate our business.

The scope of our business and operations has grown substantially since the beginning of 2012 through a series of transactions, including the Azur Merger, the EUSA Acquisition and the Gentium Acquisition. To continue to grow our business over the longer-term, we will need to commit substantial additional resources to in-licensing and/or acquiring new products and product candidates, and to costly and time-consuming product development and clinical trials of our product candidates. We also intend to continue to invest in our commercial operations in an effort to grow sales of our current products. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including many of those discussed above, such as:


•	the revenues from our commercial products, which may be affected by many factors, including the extent of generic competition for our products;


•	the costs of our commercial operations;


•	the costs of integration activities related to any future strategic transactions we may engage in;


•	the cost of acquiring and/or licensing any new products and product candidates;


•	the scope, rate of progress, results and costs of our development and clinical activities;

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•	the cost and timing of obtaining regulatory approvals and of compliance with laws and regulations;


•	the cost of preparing, filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights;


•	the cost of investigations, litigation and/or settlements related to regulatory oversight and third party claims; and


•	changes in laws and regulations, including, for example, healthcare reform legislation.

Our strategy includes the expansion of our business through the acquisition or in-licensing and development of additional marketed or product candidates that are in late-stage development. We cannot assure you that we will continue to identify attractive opportunities or that our funds will be sufficient to fund these activities if opportunities arise. We may be unable to expand our business if we do not have sufficient capital or cannot borrow or raise additional capital on attractive terms. In particular, our substantial indebtedness may limit our ability to borrow additional funds for acquisitions or to use our cash flow or obtain additional financing for future acquisitions. In addition, if we use a substantial amount of our funds to acquire or in-license products or product candidates, we may not have sufficient additional funds to conduct all of our operations in the manner we would otherwise choose.

We may not be able to access the capital and credit markets on terms that are favorable to us, or at all.

During the past several years, domestic and international financial markets have experienced extreme disruption from time to time, including, among other things, high volatility and significant declines in stock prices and severely diminished liquidity and credit availability for both borrowers and investors. We expect to opportunistically seek access to the capital and credit markets to supplement our existing cash balances, cash we expect to generate from operations and funds available under our revolving credit facility to satisfy our needs for working capital, capital expenditures and debt service requirements or to continue to grow our business over the longer term through product acquisition and in-licensing, product development and clinical trials of product candidates, and expansion of our commercial operations. In the event of adverse capital and credit market conditions, we may not be able to obtain capital market financing or credit on favorable terms, or at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and growth prospects. Changes in our credit ratings issued by nationally recognized credit rating agencies could adversely affect our cost of financing and have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities.

We may not be able to successfully maintain our tax rates, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We are incorporated in Ireland and maintain subsidiaries in North America and a number of other foreign jurisdictions. We are able to achieve a low average tax rate through the performance of certain functions and ownership of certain assets in tax-efficient jurisdictions, together with intra-group service and transfer pricing agreements, each on an arm’s length basis. However, changes in tax laws in any of these jurisdictions could adversely affect our ability to do so in the future. Taxing authorities, such as the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, actively audit and otherwise challenge these types of arrangements, and have done so in the pharmaceutical industry. The IRS or other taxing authority may challenge our structure and transfer pricing arrangements through an audit or lawsuit. Responding to or defending such a challenge could be expensive and consume time and other resources, and divert management’s time and focus from operating our business. We generally cannot predict whether taxing authorities will conduct an audit or file a lawsuit challenging this structure, the cost involved in responding to any such audit or lawsuit, or the outcome. If we are unsuccessful, we may be required to pay taxes for prior periods, interest, fines or penalties, and may be obligated to pay increased taxes in the future, any of which could require us to reduce our operating expenses, decrease efforts in support of our products or seek to raise additional funds, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

The IRS may not agree with the conclusion that we should be treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes.

Although we are incorporated in Ireland, the IRS may assert that we should be treated as a U.S. corporation (and, therefore, a U.S. tax resident) for U.S. federal tax purposes pursuant to Section 7874 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. For U.S. federal tax purposes, a corporation generally is considered a tax resident in the jurisdiction of its organization or incorporation. Because we are an Irish incorporated entity, we would be classified as a foreign corporation (and, therefore, a non-U.S. tax resident) under these rules. Section 7874 of the Code provides an exception under which a foreign incorporated entity may, in certain circumstances, be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes. Because we indirectly acquired all of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s assets through the acquisition of the shares of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. common stock in the Azur Merger, the IRS could assert that we should be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes under Section 7874. For us to be treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes under Section 7874 of the Code, either (1) the former stockholders of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. must have owned (within the meaning of Section 7874 of the Code) less than 80% (by both vote and value) of our ordinary shares by reason of holding shares in Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “ownership test”), or (2) we must have substantial business activities in Ireland after the Azur Merger (taking into account the activities of our expanded affiliated group). The Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

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stockholders owned less than 80% of our share capital immediately after the Azur Merger by reason of their ownership of shares of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. common stock. As a result, we believe that we should be treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes under current law. It is possible that the IRS could disagree with the position that the ownership test is satisfied and assert that Section 7874 of the Code applies to treat us as a U.S. corporation following the Azur Merger. There is limited guidance regarding the Code Section 7874 provisions, including the application of the ownership test described above. The IRS continues to scrutinize transactions that are potentially subject to Section 7874, and issued new final and temporary regulations under Section 7874 in June 2012 and in January 2014, as well as a notice in September 2014 outlining further regulations the IRS plans to issue. We do not expect these regulations to affect the U.S. tax consequences of the Azur Merger. Nevertheless, new statutory and/or regulatory provisions under Section 7874 of the Code or otherwise could be enacted that adversely affect our status as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes, and any such provisions could have retroactive application to us, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc., our respective shareholders and/or the Azur Merger. See the risk factor in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “Future changes to the tax laws under which we expect to be treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes or in other tax laws relating to multinational corporations could adversely affect us.”

Section 7874 of the Code limits Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its U.S. affiliates’ ability to utilize their U.S. tax attributes to offset certain U.S. taxable income, if any, generated by certain taxable transactions.

Following certain acquisitions of a U.S. corporation by a foreign corporation, Section 7874 of the Code can limit the ability of the acquired U.S. corporation and its U.S. affiliates to utilize U.S. tax attributes such as net operating losses, or NOLs, to offset U.S. taxable income resulting from certain transactions. Based on the limited guidance available, this limitation applies to us. As a result, after the Azur Merger, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its U.S. affiliates have not been able and will continue to be unable, for a period of time, to utilize their U.S. tax attributes to offset their U.S. taxable income, if any, resulting from certain taxable transactions. Notwithstanding this limitation, we plan to fully utilize Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s U.S. NOLs prior to their expiration. As a result of this limitation, however, it may take Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. longer to use its NOLs. Moreover, contrary to these plans, it is possible that the limitation under Section 7874 of the Code on the utilization of U.S. tax attributes could prevent Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from fully utilizing its U.S. tax attributes prior to their expiration if Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. does not generate sufficient taxable income.

Our U.S. affiliates’ ability to use their net operating losses to offset potential taxable income and related income taxes that would otherwise be due could be subject to further limitations if we do not generate taxable income in a timely manner or if the “ownership change” provisions of Sections 382 and 383 of the Code result in further annual limitations.

Our U.S. affiliates have a significant amount of NOLs. Our ability to use these NOLs to offset potential future taxable income and related income taxes that would otherwise be due is dependent upon our generation of future taxable income before the expiration dates of the NOLs, and we cannot predict with certainty when, or whether, our U.S. affiliates will generate sufficient taxable income to use all of the NOLs. In addition, realization of NOLs to offset potential future taxable income and related income taxes that would otherwise be due is subject to annual limitations under the “ownership change” provisions of Sections 382 and 383 of the Code and similar state provisions, which may result in the expiration of additional NOLs before future utilization. In general, an “ownership change” occurs if, during a three-year rolling period, there is a change of 50% or more in the percentage ownership of a company by 5% shareholders (and certain persons treated as 5% shareholders), as defined in the Code and the U.S. Treasury Department regulations, or Treasury Regulations, promulgated thereunder. In this regard, we currently estimate that, as a result of these ownership change provisions, we have an annual limitation on the utilization of certain NOLs of $28.8 million for 2015, $28.9 million for 2016, $15.0 million for 2017, $1.4 million for 2018 and a combined total of $4.9 million for 2019 to 2026.

However, Sections 382 and 383 of the Code are extremely complex provisions with respect to which there are many uncertainties, and we have not requested a ruling from the IRS to confirm our analysis of the ownership change limitations related to the NOLs generated by our U.S. affiliates. Therefore, we have not established whether the IRS would agree with our analysis regarding the application of Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. If the IRS were to disagree with our analysis, or if our U.S. affiliates were to experience additional ownership changes in the future, our U.S. affiliates could be subject to further annual limitations on the use of the NOLs to offset potential taxable income and related income taxes that would otherwise be due.

Future changes to the tax laws under which we expect to be treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes or in other tax laws relating to multinational corporations could adversely affect us.

As described above, under current law, we believe that we should be treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes. However, changes to the Code or the Treasury Regulations or other IRS guidance promulgated thereunder, including under Section 7874 of the Code, could adversely affect our status as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes or could otherwise affect our effective tax rate, and any such changes could have prospective or retroactive application. In addition, recent legislative proposals have aimed to expand the scope of U.S. corporate tax residence. This legislation, if passed, could

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adversely affect us.

In addition, the U.S. Congress, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and other government agencies in jurisdictions where we and our affiliates do business have had an extended focus on issues related to the taxation of multinational corporations. One example is in the area of “base erosion and profit shifting,” where payments are made between affiliates from a jurisdiction with high tax rates to a jurisdiction with lower tax rates. As a result, the tax laws in the United States and other countries in which we and our affiliates do business could change on a prospective or retroactive basis, and any such changes could adversely affect us.

We have significant intangible assets and goodwill. Consequently, the future impairment of our intangible assets and goodwill may significantly impact our profitability.

As of December 31, 2014, we had recorded $2.1 billion of intangible assets and goodwill related to our past acquisitions. Intangible assets and goodwill are subject to an impairment analysis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Additionally, goodwill and indefinite-lived assets are subject to an impairment test at least annually.

Events giving rise to impairment are an inherent risk in the pharmaceutical industry and cannot be predicted. As a result of the significance of intangible assets and goodwill, our results of operations and financial position in future periods could be negatively impacted should additional impairments of intangible assets or goodwill occur.

Our financial results could be adversely affected by foreign exchange fluctuations.

We have significant operations in Europe as well as in the United States, but we report revenues, costs and earnings in U.S. dollars. Our primary currency translation exposures relate to our subsidiaries that have functional currencies denominated in the Euro and the British Pound. Exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and each of the Euro and British Pound are likely to fluctuate from period to period. Because our financial results are reported in U.S. dollars, we are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk as the functional currency financial statements of non-U.S. subsidiaries are translated to U.S. dollars for reporting purposes. As we continue to expand our international operations, including with the Gentium Acquisition, we will conduct more transactions in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. To the extent that revenue and expense transactions are not denominated in the functional currency, we are also subject to the risk of transaction losses. Given the volatility of exchange rates, there is no assurance that we will be able to effectively manage currency transaction and/or conversion risks. We have not entered into derivative instruments to offset the impact of foreign exchange fluctuations. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares

The market price of our ordinary shares has been volatile and may continue to be volatile in the future, and the value of your investment could decline significantly.

The market price for our ordinary shares has fluctuated significantly from time to time, varying between a high of $183.84 on December 8, 2014 and a low of $120.38 on May 9, 2014 during the year ended December 31, 2014. The market price of our ordinary shares is likely to continue to be volatile and subject to significant price and volume fluctuations in response to market, industry and other factors, including the risk factors described above. In addition, the stock market in general, including the market for life sciences companies, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our ordinary shares, regardless of our operating performance.

Our share price may be dependent upon the valuations and recommendations of the analysts who cover our business. If our results do not meet these analysts’ forecasts, the expectations of our investors or the financial guidance we provide to investors in any period, the market price of our ordinary shares could decline. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market or significant price decline, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

In addition, the market price of our ordinary shares may decline if the effects of our past transactions, including the Gentium Acquisition and/or potential future acquisitions, on the financial results of our company are not consistent with the expectations of financial analysts or investors. The market price of our ordinary shares could also be affected by possible sales of our ordinary shares by holders of our 2021 Notes who may view the 2021 Notes as a more attractive means of equity participation in our company and by hedging or arbitrage trading activity involving our ordinary shares by the holders of these notes.

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Future sales of our ordinary shares in the public market could cause our share price to fall.

Sales of a substantial number of our ordinary shares in the public market, including sales by members of our management or board of directors, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our ordinary shares and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity or equity-related securities. As of February 18, 2015, we had 60,657,182 ordinary shares outstanding, all of which shares are eligible for sale in the public market, subject in some cases to the volume limitations and manner of sale and other requirements under Rule 144. In addition, future issuances by us of our ordinary shares upon the exercise or settlement of equity-based awards and exchanges of our 2021 Notes would dilute existing shareholders’ ownership interest in our company and any sales in the public market of these ordinary shares, or the perception that these sales might occur, could also adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares.

Moreover, we have in the past and may in the future grant rights to some of our shareholders that require us to register the resale of our ordinary shares on behalf of these shareholders and/or facilitate offerings of ordinary shares held by these shareholders, including in connection with potential future acquisitions of additional products, product candidates, or companies. For example, consistent with our obligations under then-existing registration rights agreements, we entered into underwriting agreements with certain underwriters and selling shareholders pursuant to which selling shareholders sold an aggregate of approximately 13 million ordinary shares in two separate registered public offerings in March 2012 and in March 2013. If potential future holders of registration rights, by exercising their registration rights or otherwise, sell a large number of shares, the sale could adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares. We have also filed registration statements to register the sale of our ordinary shares reserved for issuance under our equity incentive and employee stock purchase plans, and intend to file additional registration statements to register any shares automatically added each year to the share reserves under these plans.

Irish law differs from the laws in effect in the United States and may afford less protection to holders of our securities.

It may not be possible to enforce court judgments obtained in the United States against us in Ireland based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal or state securities laws. In addition, there is some uncertainty as to whether the courts of Ireland would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against us or our directors or officers based on the civil liabilities provisions of the U.S. federal or state securities laws or hear actions against us or those persons based on those laws. We have been advised that the United States currently does not have a treaty with Ireland providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. Therefore, a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any U.S. federal or state court based on civil liability, whether or not based solely on U.S. federal or state securities laws, would not automatically be enforceable in Ireland.

As an Irish company, we are governed by the Irish Companies Acts, which differ in some material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. corporations and shareholders, including, among others, differences relating to interested director and officer transactions and shareholder lawsuits. Likewise, the duties of directors and officers of an Irish company generally are owed to the company only. Shareholders of Irish companies generally do not have a personal right of action against directors or officers of the company and may exercise such rights of action on behalf of the company only in limited circumstances. Accordingly, holders of our securities may have more difficulty protecting their interests than would holders of securities of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction of the United States.

Provisions of our articles of association, Irish law and the indenture governing our 2021 Notes could delay or prevent a takeover of us by a third party.

Our articles of association could delay, defer or prevent a third party from acquiring us, despite the possible benefit to our shareholders, or otherwise adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares. For example, our articles of association:


•	impose advance notice requirements for shareholder proposals and nominations of directors to be considered at shareholder meetings;


•	stagger the terms of our board of directors into three classes;


•	require the approval of a supermajority of the voting power of the shares of our share capital entitled to vote generally at a meeting of shareholders to amend or repeal our articles of association; and


•	permit our board of directors to issue one or more series of preferred shares with rights and preferences, as our shareholders may determine by ordinary resolution.

In addition, several mandatory provisions of Irish law could prevent or delay an acquisition of us. For example, Irish law does not permit shareholders of an Irish public limited company to take action by written consent with less than unanimous consent. We are also subject to various provisions of Irish law relating to mandatory bids, voluntary bids, requirements to make a cash offer and minimum price requirements, as well as substantial acquisition rules and rules requiring the disclosure of interests in its shares in certain circumstances. Furthermore, the indenture governing our 2021 Notes requires us to repurchase the notes for cash if we undergo certain fundamental changes and, in certain circumstances, to increase the exchange rate for a

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holder of 2021 Notes. A takeover of us may trigger the requirement that we purchase our 2021 Notes and/or increase the exchange rate, which could make it more costly for a potential acquiror to engage in a business combination transaction with us.

These provisions may discourage potential takeover attempts, discourage bids for our ordinary shares at a premium over the market price or adversely affect the market price of, and the voting and other rights of the holders of, our ordinary shares. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other shareholders to elect directors other than the candidates nominated by our board.

We have never declared or paid dividends on our capital stock and we do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future.

Other than funds we have allocated for the purposes of supporting our share repurchase program announced in May 2013, we anticipate that we will retain all earnings, if any, to support our operations and our proprietary drug development programs, acquire or in-license additional products and product candidates, and pursue other opportunities. If we propose to pay dividends in the future, we must do so in accordance with Irish law, which provides that distributions including dividend payments, share repurchases and redemptions be funded from “distributable reserves.” In addition, our ability to pay cash dividends on or repurchase our ordinary shares is restricted under the terms of our credit agreement. Any future determination as to the payment of dividends will, subject to Irish legal requirements, be at the sole discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, compliance with the terms of our credit agreement and other factors our board of directors deems relevant. Accordingly, holders of our ordinary shares must rely on increases in the trading price of their shares for returns on their investment in the foreseeable future.

A transfer of our ordinary shares may be subject to Irish stamp duty.

In certain circumstances, the transfer of shares in an Irish incorporated company will be subject to Irish stamp duty, which is a legal obligation of the buyer. This duty is currently charged at the rate of 1.0% of the price paid or the market value of the shares acquired, if higher. Because our ordinary shares are traded on a recognized stock exchange in the United States, an exemption of this stamp duty is available to transfers by shareholders who hold our ordinary shares beneficially through brokers which in turn hold those shares through the Depositary Trust Company, or DTC, to holders who also hold through DTC. However, a transfer by a record holder who holds our ordinary shares directly in his, her or its own name could be subject to this stamp duty. We, in our absolute discretion and insofar as the Irish Companies Acts or any other applicable law permit, may, or may provide that a subsidiary of ours will, pay Irish stamp duty arising on a transfer of our ordinary shares on behalf of the transferee of such ordinary shares. If stamp duty resulting from the transfer of our ordinary shares which would otherwise be payable by the transferee is paid by us or any of our subsidiaries on behalf of the transferee, then in those circumstances, we will, on our behalf or on behalf of our subsidiary (as the case may be), be entitled to (i) seek reimbursement of the stamp duty from the transferee, (ii) set-off the stamp duty against any dividends payable to the transferee of those ordinary shares and (iii) claim a first and permanent lien on the ordinary shares on which stamp duty has been paid by us or our subsidiary for the amount of stamp duty paid. Our lien shall extend to all dividends paid on those ordinary shares.

Dividends paid by us may be subject to Irish dividend withholding tax.

In certain circumstances, as an Irish tax resident company, we will be required to deduct Irish dividend withholding tax (currently at the rate of 20%) from dividends paid to our shareholders. Shareholders that are resident in the United States, EU countries (other than Ireland) or other countries with which Ireland has signed a tax treaty (whether the treaty has been ratified or not) generally should not be subject to Irish withholding tax so long as the shareholder has provided its broker, for onward transmission to our qualifying intermediary or other designated agent (in the case of shares held beneficially), or us or our transfer agent (in the case of shares held directly), with all the necessary documentation by the appropriate due date prior to payment of the dividend. However, some shareholders may be subject to withholding tax, which could adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares.

Our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in Ireland and a number of other European countries, is not currently permitted to be subject to inspection by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, and as such, our investors currently do not have the benefits of PCAOB oversight.

As an auditor of companies that are publicly-traded in the United States and as a firm registered with the PCAOB, our independent registered public accounting firm is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the United States and the professional standards of the PCAOB. However, because our auditor is located in Ireland, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections, our auditor is not currently inspected by the PCAOB. Inspections of other auditors conducted by the PCAOB outside of Ireland have at times identified deficiencies in those auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The lack of PCAOB inspections in Ireland prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating our auditor’s audits and its quality control procedures. In addition, the inability of the

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PCAOB to conduct auditor inspections in Ireland makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors located outside of Ireland that are subject to regular PCAOB inspections. As a result, our investors are deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections, and may lose confidence in our reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements.


Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments

There are no material unresolved written comments that were received from the SEC staff 180 days or more before the end of our 2014 fiscal year relating to our periodic or current reports under the Exchange Act.


Item 2.	Properties

Our corporate headquarters are located in Dublin, Ireland and our United States operations are located in Palo Alto, California and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

We occupy approximately 17,000 square feet of office space in Dublin, Ireland, 12,000 square feet of which is under one lease, or the Dublin Lease, that expires in May 2022, and 5,000 square feet of which is under a second lease that also expires in May 2022. We have an option to terminate these leases, in May 2017 for the Dublin Lease and in January 2019 for the second lease, with no less than six months’ prior written notice and the payment of a termination fee. We are currently constructing a manufacturing and development facility on land owned by us in Athlone, Ireland. Once complete, the facility will be approximately 54,000 square feet in size.

In Palo Alto, California, we occupy a total of approximately 100,000 square feet of office space, 44,000 square feet of which is occupied under a lease, or the Palo Alto Lease, that expires in August 2017, 39,000 square feet of which is occupied under a sublease that expires in April 2016 and 17,000 square feet of which is occupied under a sublease that expires in July 2017. We have the right to extend the term of the Palo Alto Lease for up to an additional two years. In January 2015, we entered into an agreement to lease approximately 100,000 square feet of office space in Palo Alto, California. We expect to occupy this office space by the end of 2017. This lease has a term of 12 years from commencement and we have an option to extend the term of the lease twice for a period of five years each. We also have an option to terminate this lease 10 years from commencement, with no less than one year’s prior written notice and the payment of a termination fee.

We occupy approximately 19,000 square feet of office space in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania under a lease that expires in April 2019. In addition, we have offices in Oxford, United Kingdom, Lyon, France, Villa Guardia (Como), Italy and elsewhere in Europe. We occupy approximately 14,000 square feet of office space in Oxford, United Kingdom under a lease that expires in August 2024. We have an option to terminate this lease in August 2019, with no less than six months’ prior written notice and the payment of a termination fee. We also occupy approximately 9,000 square feet of office space in Lyon, France under a lease that expires January 2019. We have an option to terminate this lease in December 2015. We own a manufacturing facility in Villa Guardia (Como), Italy which is subject to a mortgage securing repayment of an aggregate of approximately €0.8 million ($1 million) of debt owed to Banca Nazionale del Lavoro. The manufacturing facility is 25,295 square feet in size. We also lease approximately 51,667 square feet of office and laboratory space and 1,076 square feet of laboratory and manufacturing space in Villa Guardia (Como), Italy under leases that expire in December 2017 and June 2015, respectively.

We believe that our existing properties are in good condition and suitable for the conduct of our business. As we continue to expand our operations, we may need to lease additional or alternative facilities.


Item 3.	Legal Proceedings

Xyrem ANDA Matters: On October 18, 2010, we received a notice of Paragraph IV Certification from Roxane that it had submitted an ANDA to the FDA requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem (sodium oxybate) oral solution. Roxane’s initial notice alleged that all five patents then listed for Xyrem in the Orange Book on the date of the notice are invalid, unenforceable or not infringed by Roxane’s proposed generic product. On November 22, 2010, we filed a lawsuit against Roxane in response to Roxane’s initial notice in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, or the District Court, seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Roxane from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe our patents. In accordance with the Hatch-Waxman Act, as a result of our having filed a timely lawsuit against Roxane, FDA approval of Roxane’s ANDA was stayed for 30 months, or until April 18, 2013. That stay has expired. Additional patents covering Xyrem were issued between December 2010 and December 2012, and, after receiving Paragraph IV Certification notices from Roxane, we filed additional lawsuits against Roxane on February 4, 2011, May 2, 2011, October 26, 2012 and December 5, 2012 to include these additional patents in the litigation. All of the lawsuits filed against Roxane between 2010 and 2012 have been consolidated by the District Court into a single case, or the Roxane consolidated case, alleging that 10 of our patents covering Xyrem are or will be infringed by Roxane’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Roxane from launching a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe these patents.

In December 2013, the District Court permitted Roxane to amend its answer in the Roxane consolidated case to allege additional equitable defenses, and the parties were given additional time for discovery on those new defenses. In addition, in

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March 2014, the District Court granted our motion to bifurcate and stay the portion of the Roxane consolidated case regarding patents related to the distribution system for Xyrem. Although no trial date has been scheduled, based on the District Court’s current schedule, we anticipate that trial on the patents in the Roxane consolidated case that are not subject to the stay could occur as early as the third quarter of 2015. We do not have any estimate of a possible trial date for trial on the patents in the Roxane consolidated case that are currently subject to the stay. The actual timing of events in this litigation may be significantly earlier or later than we currently anticipate, and we cannot predict the specific timing or outcome of events in this litigation.

On April 1, 2014 and January 15, 2015, we received additional notices of Paragraph IV Certification from Roxane regarding newly issued patents for Xyrem listed in the Orange Book. On February 20, 2015, we filed a new lawsuit against Roxane in the District Court, alleging that three of our patents covering Xyrem are infringed or will be infringed by Roxane’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Roxane from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe these patents. We cannot predict the timing or outcome of events in this matter or its impact on the Roxane consolidated case.

On December 10, 2012, December 12, 2012 and August 8, 2013, we received notices of Paragraph IV Certification from Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC, or Amneal, that it had submitted an ANDA to the FDA requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. On January 18, 2013 and September 12, 2013, we filed lawsuits against Amneal in the District Court, alleging that nine of our patents covering Xyrem are infringed or will be infringed by Amneal’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Amneal from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe these patents. These lawsuits against Amneal were consolidated by the District Court on November 6, 2013.

On November 21, 2013 and November 24, 2013, we received notices of Paragraph IV Certification from Par Pharmaceutical, Inc., or Par, that it had submitted an ANDA to the FDA requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. On December 27, 2013, we filed a lawsuit against Par in the District Court, alleging that 13 of our patents covering Xyrem are infringed or will be infringed by Par’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Par from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe these patents.

In April 2014, Amneal asked the District Court to consolidate its case with the Par case, stating that both cases would proceed on the schedule for the Par case. The District Court granted this request in May 2014. The order consolidating the cases provides that Amneal’s 30-month stay period will be extended to coincide with the date of Par’s 30-month stay period. As a result, FDA’s approval of both Amneal’s and Par’s ANDAs is stayed until the earlier of (i) May 20, 2016, or (ii) a District Court decision finding that the identified patents are invalid, unenforceable or not infringed. We cannot predict the timing or outcome of events in the Amneal/Par consolidated case or their impact on other ongoing proceedings with Amneal or Par.

On April 7, 2014 and January 19, 2015, we received additional notices of Paragraph IV Certification from Amneal regarding newly issued patents for Xyrem listed in the Orange Book. On May 20, 2014 and February 6, 2015, we filed additional lawsuits against Amneal in the District Court, alleging that four of our patents covering Xyrem are infringed or will be infringed by Amneal’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Amneal from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe these patents. These additional lawsuits have not been consolidated with the Amneal/Par consolidated case. We cannot predict the timing or outcome of events in these matters or their impact on other ongoing proceedings with Amneal.

On July 3, 2014, August 6, 2014 and November 25, 2014, we received additional notices of Paragraph IV Certification from Par regarding newly issued patents for Xyrem listed in the Orange Book. We filed additional lawsuits against Par in the District Court on August 15, 2014, October 2, 2014 and January 8, 2015, alleging that three of our patents covering Xyrem are infringed or will be infringed by Par’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Par from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe these patents. These additional lawsuits have not been consolidated with the Amneal/Par consolidated case. We cannot predict the timing or outcome of events in these matters or their impact on other ongoing proceedings with Par.

On June 4, 2014, we received a notice of Paragraph IV Certification from Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, or Ranbaxy, that it had submitted an ANDA to the FDA requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. On June 6, 2014, we received a notice of an amended Paragraph IV Certification from Ranbaxy. On July 15, 2014, we filed a lawsuit against Ranbaxy in the District Court, alleging that 14 of our patents covering Xyrem are infringed or will be infringed by Ranbaxy’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Ranbaxy from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that will infringe these patents. On August 20, 2014 and December 1, 2014, we received additional notices of Paragraph IV Certification from Ranbaxy regarding newly issued patents for Xyrem listed in the Orange Book. On October 2, 2014 and January 9, 2015, we filed additional lawsuits against Ranbaxy in the District Court, alleging that two of our patents covering Xyrem are infringed or will be infringed by Ranbaxy’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Ranbaxy from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe these patents. We cannot predict the timing or outcome of events in these matters or their impact on other ongoing proceedings with Ranbaxy.

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On October 30, 2014, we received a notice of Paragraph IV Certification from Watson Laboratories, Inc., or Watson, that it has submitted an ANDA to the FDA requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. On December 11, 2014, we filed a lawsuit against Watson in the District Court, alleging that 15 of our patents covering Xyrem are or will be infringed by Watson’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Watson from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe these patents. We cannot predict the timing or outcome of events in this litigation.

In January 2015, Amneal, Ranbaxy and Watson proposed the consolidation of their respective cases and a consolidated schedule to the District Court. Under the proposed consolidated schedule, the District Court would hold a Markman hearing no earlier than January 2016. Par is currently seeking its own proposed schedule. Under Par’s proposed schedule, the District Court would hold a Markman hearing in the Par case no earlier than September 2015. We cannot predict the timing or outcome of events in these proceedings, including what cases, if any, the District Court will consolidate and what cases, if any, the District Court will permit to go forward separately.

Between June and August 2014, petitions seeking CBM post-grant patent review by the PTAB were filed by certain of the ANDA filers with respect to the validity of six of our patents related to the distribution system for Xyrem. In the fall of 2014, we filed preliminary responses to the petitions in which, among other things, we asserted that the challenged patents should not be subject to CBM review. In early 2015, the PTAB issued decisions denying institution of CBM review for all of these petitions.

In January 2015, petitions for IPR were filed by certain of the ANDA filers with respect to the validity of six of our patents related to the distribution system for Xyrem. The PTAB has not yet determined whether to institute proceedings with respect to these petitions for IPR. We cannot predict whether PTAB will institute any of the petitioned IPR proceedings, whether additional post-grant patent review challenges will be filed, the outcome of any IPR or other proceeding if instituted, or the impact any IPR or other proceeding might have on ongoing ANDA litigation proceedings.

FazaClo ANDA Matters: Azur Pharma received notices of Paragraph IV Certifications from three generics manufacturers, Barr Laboratories, Inc., or Barr, Novel Laboratories, Inc., or Novel, and Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Mylan, indicating that ANDAs had been filed with the FDA requesting approval to market generic versions of FazaClo^® (clozapine, USP) LD orally disintegrating clozapine tablets. Azur Pharma and CIMA Labs Inc., or CIMA, a subsidiary of Teva, our licensor and the entity whose drug-delivery technology is incorporated into FazaClo LD, filed a lawsuit in response to each certification claiming infringement based on such certification against Barr on August 21, 2008, against Novel on November 25, 2008 and against Mylan on July 23, 2010. Each case was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, or the Delaware Court. On July 6, 2011, CIMA, Azur Pharma and Teva, which had acquired Barr, entered into an agreement settling the patent litigation and Azur Pharma granted a sublicense to an affiliate of Teva of Azur Pharma’s rights to have manufactured, market and sell a generic version of both FazaClo LD and FazaClo HD, as well as an option for supply of authorized generic product. The sublicense for FazaClo LD commenced in July 2012, and the sublicense for FazaClo HD will commence in May 2015. Teva exercised its option for supply of an authorized generic product for FazaClo LD and launched the authorized generic product at the end of August 2012. Teva has also exercised its option for supply of an authorized generic product for FazaClo HD. The Novel and Mylan matters had been stayed pending reexamination of the patents in the lawsuits. In September 2013 and January 2014, reexamination certificates were issued for the two patents-in-suit, and the patentability of the claims of the patents confirmed. The Delaware Court lifted the stay of litigation in the two cases in March 2014. On December 19, 2014, we and CIMA entered into an agreement with Novel settling the patent litigation against Novel and we granted Novel a sublicense to manufacture, market and sell a generic version of FazaClo LD and, if applicable, FazaClo HD. The sublicense will commence on May 1, 2017, or earlier upon the occurrence of certain events. Trial in the Mylan case is currently set for the third quarter of 2015, but we cannot predict the specific timing or outcome of this litigation.

Cutler Matter: On October 19, 2011, Dr. Neal Cutler, one of the original owners of FazaClo, filed a complaint against Azur Pharma and one of its subsidiaries, as well as Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Avanir, in the California Superior Court in the County of Los Angeles, or the Superior Court. The complaint alleges that Azur Pharma and its subsidiary breached certain contractual obligations. Azur Pharma acquired rights to FazaClo from Avanir in 2007. The complaint alleges that as part of the acquisition of FazaClo, Azur Pharma’s subsidiary agreed to assume certain contingent payment obligations to Dr. Cutler. The complaint further alleges that certain contingent payments are due because revenue thresholds have been achieved, entitling Dr. Cutler to a $10.5 million and an additional $25.0 million contingent payment, plus unspecified punitive damages and attorneys’ fees. In March 2012, the Superior Court granted our petition to compel arbitration of the dispute in New York and stayed the Superior Court litigation. In July 2012, the arbitrator dismissed the arbitration on the grounds that the parties’ dispute falls outside of the scope of the arbitration clause in the applicable contract. That ruling was affirmed by the California Court of Appeal in January 2014, and the case was remanded to Superior Court for discovery and trial. Trial has been scheduled for October 2015. We cannot predict the specific timing or outcome of this litigation.

Shareholder Litigation Matter: In January 2014, we became aware of a purported class action lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York in connection with our acquisition pursuant to a tender offer of a majority of the voting securities of Gentium S.p.A., or Gentium, which we refer to as the Gentium Acquisition. The lawsuit named

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Gentium, each of the Gentium’s directors, us and our Italian subsidiary as defendants. The lawsuit alleged, among other things, that Gentium’s directors breached their fiduciary duties to Gentium’s shareholders in connection with the Gentium tender offer agreement that Gentium entered into with us and our Italian subsidiary valuing Gentium ordinary shares and American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, at $57.00 per share, and that we and our Italian subsidiary violated Sections 14(e) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, by allegedly overseeing Gentium’s preparation of an allegedly false and misleading Section 14D-9 Solicitation/Recommendation Statement. On November 19, 2014, the plaintiff dismissed us and our Italian subsidiary from the lawsuit. On January 22, 2015, the entire lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice by the court.

From time to time we are involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe there is no other litigation pending that could have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.


Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PART II


Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our ordinary shares trade on The NASDAQ Global Select Market under the trading symbol “JAZZ.” The following table sets forth the high and low intraday sales prices of our ordinary shares on The NASDAQ Global Select Market for the periods indicated.



	High		Low
Calendar Quarter—2013
First Quarter	$	60.79	$	53.52
Second Quarter	$	72.00	$	50.76
Third Quarter	$	93.84	$	69.00
Fourth Quarter	$	128.49	$	80.40
Calendar Quarter—2014
First Quarter	$	176.60	$	123.55
Second Quarter	$	156.34	$	120.38
Third Quarter	$	176.36	$	131.69
Fourth Quarter	$	183.84	$	137.34

On February 18, 2015, the last reported sales price per share of our ordinary shares was $171.68 per share.

Holders of Ordinary Shares

As of February 18, 2015, there were three holders of record of our ordinary shares. Because almost all of our ordinary shares are held by brokers, nominees and other institutions on behalf of shareholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of shareholders represented by these record holders.

Dividends

No cash dividends have ever been declared or paid on the common equity to date by Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. or us, and we do not currently plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Under Irish law, dividends may only be paid, and share repurchases and redemptions must generally be funded only out of, “distributable reserves.” In addition, the terms of our credit agreement restrict our ability to make certain restricted payments, including dividends and other distributions by us in respect of our ordinary shares, subject to (1) a general exception for dividends and other restricted payments up to $30 million and (2) so long as there is no default or event of default under our credit agreement, another exception that is capped at $100 million plus a formula-based amount tied to our consolidated net income if our total leverage ratio (as defined in our credit agreement) exceeds 2:1 after giving pro forma effect to the dividend or distribution. Any future determination as to the payment of dividends will, subject to Irish legal requirements, be at the sole discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, compliance with the terms of our credit agreement and other factors our board of directors deems relevant.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

Except as previously reported in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, during the year ended December 31, 2014, there were no unregistered sales of equity securities by us during the year ended December 31, 2014.

Irish Law Matters

As we are an Irish incorporated company, the following matters of Irish law are relevant to the holders of our ordinary shares.

Irish Restrictions on Import and Export of Capital

Except as indicated below, there are no restrictions on non-residents of Ireland dealing in Irish domestic securities, which includes ordinary shares of Irish companies. Dividends and redemption proceeds also continue to be freely transferable to non-resident holders of such securities. The Financial Transfers Act, 1992 gives power to the Minister for Finance of Ireland to restrict financial transfers between Ireland and other countries and persons. Financial transfers are broadly defined and include

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all transfers that would be movements of capital or payments within the meaning of the treaties governing the member states of the European Union, or EU. The acquisition or disposal of interests in shares issued by an Irish incorporated company and associated payments falls within this definition. In addition, dividends or payments on redemption or purchase of shares and payments on a liquidation of an Irish incorporated company would fall within this definition. At present the Financial Transfers Act, 1992 prohibits financial transfers involving the late Slobodan Milosevic and associated persons, Myanmar/Burma, Belarus, certain persons indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the late Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaida, the Taliban of Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea), Iran, Iraq, Côte d’Ivoire, Lebanon, Liberia, Zimbabwe, Sudan, Somalia, Republic of Guinea, Afghanistan, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Syria, Tunisia, certain known terrorists and terrorist groups, countries that harbor certain terrorist groups and Ukraine without the prior permission of the Central Bank of Ireland.

Any transfer of, or payment in respect of, a share or interest in a share involving the government of any country that is currently the subject of United Nations sanctions, any person or body controlled by any of the foregoing, or by any person acting on behalf of the foregoing, may be subject to restrictions pursuant to such sanctions as implemented into Irish law.

Irish Taxes Applicable to U.S. Holders

Withholding Tax on Dividends. While we have no current plans to pay dividends, dividends on our ordinary shares would generally be subject to Irish Dividend Withholding Tax, or DWT, at the standard rate of income tax (currently 20%), unless an exemption applies.

Dividends on our ordinary shares that are owned by residents of the United States and held beneficially through the Depositary Trust Company, or DTC, will not be subject to DWT provided that the address of the beneficial owner of the ordinary shares in the records of the broker is in the United States.

Dividends on our ordinary shares that are owned by residents of the United States and held directly (outside of DTC) will not be subject to DWT provided that the shareholder has completed the appropriate Irish DWT form and this form remains valid. Such shareholders must provide the appropriate Irish DWT form to our transfer agent at least seven business days before the record date for the first dividend payment to which they are entitled.

If any shareholder who is resident in the United States receives a dividend subject to DWT, he or she should generally be able to make an application for a refund from the Irish Revenue Commissioners on the prescribed form.

While the United States/Ireland Double Tax Treaty contains provisions regarding withholding, due to the wide scope of the exemptions from DWT available under Irish domestic law, it would generally be unnecessary for a United States resident shareholder to rely on the treaty provisions.

Income Tax on Dividends. A shareholder who is neither resident nor ordinarily resident in Ireland and who is entitled to an exemption from DWT generally has no additional liability to Irish income tax or to the universal social charge on a dividend from us unless that shareholder holds our ordinary shares through a branch or agency in Ireland through which a trade is carried on.

A shareholder who is neither resident nor ordinarily resident in Ireland and who is not entitled to an exemption from DWT generally has no additional liability to Irish income tax or to the universal social charge on a dividend from us. The DWT deducted by us discharges the liability to Irish income tax and to the universal social charge. This however is not the case where the shareholder holds the ordinary shares through a branch or agency in Ireland through which a trade is carried on.

Irish Tax on Capital Gains. A shareholder who is neither resident nor ordinarily resident in Ireland and does not hold our ordinary shares in connection with a trade or business carried on by such shareholder in Ireland through a branch or agency should not be within the charge to Irish tax on capital gains on a disposal of our ordinary shares.

Capital Acquisitions Tax. Irish capital acquisitions tax, or CAT, is comprised principally of gift tax and inheritance tax. CAT could apply to a gift or inheritance of our ordinary shares irrespective of the place of residence, ordinary residence or domicile of the parties. This is because our ordinary shares are regarded as property situated in Ireland as our share register must be held in Ireland. The person who receives the gift or inheritance has primary liability for CAT.

CAT is levied at a rate of 33% above certain tax-free thresholds. The appropriate tax-free threshold is dependent upon (i) the relationship between the donor and the donee and (ii) the aggregation of the values of previous gifts and inheritances received by the donee from persons within the same category of relationship for CAT purposes. Gifts and inheritances passing between spouses are exempt from CAT. Our shareholders should consult their own tax advisers as to whether CAT is creditable or deductible in computing any domestic tax liabilities.

Stamp Duty. Irish stamp duty (if any) may become payable in respect of ordinary share transfers. However, a transfer of our ordinary shares from a seller who holds shares through DTC to a buyer who holds the acquired shares through DTC will not be subject to Irish stamp duty. A transfer of our ordinary shares (i) by a seller who holds ordinary shares outside of DTC to any buyer or (ii) by a seller who holds the ordinary shares through DTC to a buyer who holds the acquired ordinary shares

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outside of DTC, may be subject to Irish stamp duty (currently at the rate of 1% of the price paid or the market value of the ordinary shares acquired, if greater). The person accountable for payment of stamp duty is the buyer or, in the case of a transfer by way of a gift or for less than market value, all parties to the transfer.

A shareholder who holds ordinary shares outside of DTC may transfer those ordinary shares into DTC without giving rise to Irish stamp duty provided that the shareholder would be the beneficial owner of the related book-entry interest in those ordinary shares recorded in the systems of DTC (and in exactly the same proportions) as a result of the transfer and at the time of the transfer into DTC there is no sale of those book-entry interests to a third party being contemplated by the shareholder. Similarly, a shareholder who holds ordinary shares through DTC may transfer those ordinary shares out of DTC without giving rise to Irish stamp duty provided that the shareholder would be the beneficial owner of the ordinary shares (and in exactly the same proportions) as a result of the transfer, and at the time of the transfer out of DTC there is no sale of those ordinary shares to a third party being contemplated by the shareholder. In order for the share registrar to be satisfied as to the application of this Irish stamp duty treatment where relevant, the shareholder must confirm to us that the shareholder would be the beneficial owner of the related book-entry interest in those ordinary shares recorded in the systems of DTC (and in exactly the same proportions) (or vice-versa) as a result of the transfer and there is no agreement being contemplated for the sale of the related book-entry interest or the ordinary shares or an interest in the ordinary shares, as the case may be, by the shareholder to a third party.

Performance Measurement Comparison (1)

The following graph shows the total shareholder return on the last day of each year of an investment of $100 in cash as if made on December 31, 2009 in (i) our ordinary shares; (ii) the NASDAQ Composite Index; and (iii) the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index through December 31, 2014. Information set forth in the graph below represents the performance of the Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. common stock from December 31, 2009 until January 17, 2012, the day before the businesses of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Azur Pharma Public Limited Company, or Azur Pharma, were combined in a merger transaction, or the Azur Merger, and the performance of our ordinary shares from January 18, 2012 through December 31, 2014. Our ordinary shares trade on the same exchange, The NASDAQ Global Select Market (or The NASDAQ Global Market prior to January 3, 2012), and under the same trading symbol, “JAZZ,” as the Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. common stock prior to the Azur Merger. Pursuant to applicable SEC rules, all values assume reinvestment of the full amount of all dividends; however, we did not declare or pay any dividends on our common stock or ordinary shares during the comparison period. The shareholder return shown in the graph below is not necessarily indicative of future performance, and we do not make or endorse any predictions as to future shareholder returns.

COMPARISON OF FIVE YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN(2)

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(1)	This section is not “soliciting material”, is not deemed “filed” with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference into any of our filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as

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amended, or Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing.


(2)	Information used in the graph was obtained from Research Data Group, Inc.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table summarizes purchases of our ordinary shares made by or on behalf of us or any of our “affiliated purchasers” as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act during each fiscal month during the three-month period ended December 31, 2014:



	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid per Share (2)		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (3)	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (4)
October 1 - October 31, 2014	42,000	$	151.75	42,000	$	27,211,930
November 1 - November 30, 2014	11,058	$	169.89	11,058	$	25,333,480
December 1 - December 31, 2014	24,157	$	165.15	24,157	$	21,344,385
Total	77,215	$	158.54	77,215

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(1)	This table does not include ordinary shares that we withheld in order to satisfy minimum tax withholding requirements in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units.


(2)	Average price paid per share includes brokerage commissions.


(3)	The ordinary shares reported in the table above were purchased pursuant to our publicly announced share repurchase program. On May 7, 2013, we announced that our board of directors authorized the use of up to $200 million to repurchase our ordinary shares. This authorization has no expiration date.

(4)

The dollar amount shown represents, as of the end of each period, the approximate dollar value of ordinary shares that may yet be purchased under our publicly announced share repurchase program, exclusive of any brokerage commissions. The timing and amount of repurchases will depend on a variety of factors, including the price of our ordinary shares, alternative investment opportunities, restrictions under our credit agreement, corporate and regulatory requirements and market conditions, and may be suspended or otherwise discontinued at any time without prior notice.


Item 6.	Selected Financial Data

The following selected consolidated financial data should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected consolidated financial data in this section is not intended to replace our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our future results.

We derived the consolidated statements of income data for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 from the audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated statements of income data for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 are derived from audited consolidated financial statements not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected consolidated financial data for periods prior to the year ended December 31, 2012 is that of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, while the selected consolidated financial data for periods after and including the year ended December 31, 2012 is that of Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc and its consolidated subsidiaries.

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	Year Ended December 31,
	2014(1)			2013			2012(2)			2011			2010
	(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Consolidated Statements of Income Data:
Revenues:
Product sales, net	$	1,162,716		$	865,398		$	580,527		$	266,518		$	170,006
Royalties and contract revenues	10,159			7,025			5,452			5,759			3,775
Total revenues	1,172,875			872,423			585,979			272,277			173,781
Operating expenses:
Cost of product sales (excluding amortization of acquired developed technologies and intangible asset impairment)	117,418			102,146			78,425			13,942			13,559
Selling, general and administrative	406,114			304,303			223,882			108,936			68,996
Research and development	85,181			41,632			20,477			14,120			25,612
Acquired in-process research and development	202,626			4,988			—			—			—
Intangible asset amortization	126,584			79,042			65,351			7,448			7,825
Impairment charges	39,365			—			—
Total operating expenses	977,288			532,111			388,135			144,446			115,992
Income from operations	195,587			340,312			197,844			127,831			57,789
Interest expense, net (including $570 for the year ended December 31, 2010 pertaining to a related party)	(52,713		)	(26,916		)	(16,869		)	(1,600		)	(12,724		)
Foreign currency gain (loss)	8,683			(1,697		)	(3,620		)	—			—
Loss on extinguishment and modification of debt (including $701 for the year ended December 31, 2010 pertaining to a related party)	—			(3,749		)	—			(1,247		)	(12,287		)
Income from continuing operations before income tax provision (benefit)	151,557			307,950			177,355			124,984			32,778
Income tax provision (benefit)	94,231			91,638			(83,794		)	—			—
Income from continuing operations	57,326			216,312			261,149			124,984			32,778
Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes	—			—			27,437			—			—
Net income	57,326			216,312			288,586			124,984			32,778
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax	(1,061		)	—			—			—			—
Net income attributable to Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc	$	58,387		$	216,312		$	288,586		$	124,984		$	32,778

Net income per ordinary share attributable to Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc (3):
Basic:
Income from continuing operations	$	0.98		$	3.71		$	4.61		$	3.01		$	0.90
Income from discontinued operations	—			—			0.48			—			—
Net income attributable to Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc	$	0.98		$	3.71		$	5.09		$	3.01		$	0.90
Diluted:
Income from continuing operations	$	0.93		$	3.51		$	4.34		$	2.67		$	0.83
Income from discontinued operations	—			—			0.45			—			—
Net income attributable to Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc	$	0.93		$	3.51		$	4.79		$	2.67		$	0.83
Weighted-average ordinary shares used in calculating net income per ordinary share attributable to Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc (3):
Basic	59,746			58,298			56,643			41,499			36,343
Diluted	62,614			61,569			60,195			46,798			39,411

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	As of December 31,
	2014(1)		2013		2012(2)			2011			2010
	(In thousands)
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities	$	684,042	$	636,504	$	387,196		$	157,898		$	44,794
Working capital	799,044		660,589		360,034			146,261			14,522
Total assets	3,338,955		2,238,221		1,966,493			253,573			135,729
Long-term debt, current and non-current	1,342,428		549,976		456,761			—			40,693
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)	34,704		18,532		(61,296		)	(349,882		)	(474,866		)
Total Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc shareholders’ equity	1,371,144		1,295,534		1,121,292			192,788			30,551

__________________________

(1)

On January 23, 2014, pursuant to a tender offer, we became the indirect majority shareholder of Gentium S.p.A., or Gentium, acquiring control of Gentium on that date. In February 2014, we completed a subsequent offering period of the tender offer, resulting in total purchases pursuant to the tender offer of approximately 98% of the fully diluted voting securities of Gentium. As of December 31, 2014, we had acquired a further 1.8% interest in Gentium for cash consideration of $17.8 million, resulting in an aggregate acquisition cost to us of $994.1 million, comprising cash payments of $1,011.2 million offset by proceeds from the exercise of Gentium share options of $17.1 million. The results of operations of the acquired Gentium business, along with the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transaction, have been included in our consolidated financial statements since the completion of the acquisition of Gentium on January 23, 2014, which is referred to as the Gentium Acquisition in this report. We record noncontrolling interests in our consolidated financial statements which represent the ownership interest of minority shareholders in the equity of Gentium. In connection with the Gentium Acquisition, on January 23, 2014, we entered into a second amendment to our credit agreement. The credit agreement, as amended to date, provides for (i) a tranche of incremental term loans in the aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million, (ii) a tranche of term loans to refinance the $554.4 million aggregate principal amount of previously outstanding term loans and (iii) a $425.0 million revolving credit facility. We used the proceeds from the incremental term loans and $300.0 million of loans under the revolving credit facility together with cash on hand to finance the Gentium Acquisition. Refer to Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on the Gentium Acquisition. In August 2014, we completed a private placement of $575.0 million aggregate principal amount of 1.875% exchangeable senior notes due 2021, or the 2021 Notes, resulting in net proceeds to us, after debt issuance costs, of $558.9 million. We used a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes to repay all outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility provided for under our credit agreement.

(2)

On January 18, 2012, the businesses of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Azur Pharma were combined in the Azur Merger pursuant to which all outstanding shares of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s common stock were canceled and converted into the right to receive, on a one-for-one basis, our ordinary shares. Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was treated as the acquiring company in the Azur Merger for accounting purposes, and as a result, the historical consolidated financial statements of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. became our consolidated financial statements. On June 12, 2012, we completed our acquisition of EUSA Pharma Inc., or EUSA Pharma, which we refer to as the EUSA Acquisition. At the closing of the EUSA Acquisition, we paid $678.4 million in cash, and agreed to make an additional contingent payment of $50.0 million in cash if Erwinaze achieved net sales in the United States of $124.5 million or more in 2013. In 2013, net sales of Erwinaze in the United States exceeded $124.5 million and as a result, we made this payment in the first quarter of 2014. The results of operations of the acquired Azur Pharma and EUSA Pharma businesses, along with the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in each transaction, are included in our consolidated financial statements since the effective dates of the Azur Merger and the EUSA Acquisition, respectively. We financed the EUSA Acquisition, in part, by entering into our credit agreement, which at the time provided for $475.0 million principal amount of term loans and a $100.0 million revolving credit facility. We used all of the proceeds of those term loans, together with cash on hand, for the EUSA Acquisition.

(3)

All references to “ordinary shares” refer to Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s common stock with respect to periods prior to the year ended December 31, 2012 and to our ordinary shares with respect to periods after and including the year ended December 31, 2012. Our earnings per share in the periods prior to the year ended December 31, 2012 were not impacted by the Azur Merger since each share of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Azur Merger was canceled and converted into the right to receive one ordinary share upon the consummation of the Azur Merger.

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Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. When reviewing the discussion below, you should keep in mind the substantial risks and uncertainties that impact our business. In particular, we encourage you to review the risks and uncertainties described in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in forward-looking statements contained in this report or implied by past results and trends.

Overview

Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc is an international biopharmaceutical company focused on improving patients’ lives by identifying, developing and commercializing meaningful products that address unmet medical needs. We have a diverse portfolio of products and product candidates, with a focus in the areas of sleep and hematology/oncology.

Our strategy is to create shareholder value by:


•	Growing sales of the existing products in our portfolio, including by identifying new growth opportunities;


•	Acquiring additional differentiated products that are on the market or product candidates that are in late-stage development; and


•	Pursuing focused development of a pipeline of post-discovery differentiated product candidates.

Throughout 2014 and so far in 2015, we have made substantial progress in the execution of our strategy. Some of the significant developments affecting our business in 2014 are summarized below.

Strong Revenue Growth

In 2014, our total net product sales increased by 34% compared to 2013, primarily from the growth in sales of Xyrem^® (sodium oxybate) oral solutionand Erwinaze^® (asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi), and from the addition to our product portfolio of defibrotide, marketed under the name Defitelio^®(defibrotide) in certain countries in Europe.

Xyrem is the only product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for the treatment of both cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness, or EDS, in patients with narcolepsy. Sales of Xyrem increased 37% in 2014 compared to 2013.

Erwinaze is a treatment approved in the United States and in certain markets in Europe (where it is marketed as Erwinase^®) for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or ALL, who have developed hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase. First approved by the FDA for administration via intramuscular injection in conjunction with chemotherapy, Erwinaze received approval for administration via intravenous infusion in conjunction with chemotherapy in December 2014. Sales of Erwinaze/Erwinase increased 15% in 2014 compared to 2013.

Total product sales are expected to increase in 2015 over 2014, primarily due to anticipated growth in sales of our lead marketed products.

Expansion of Marketed Product Portfolio

We strengthened our commercial portfolio with the addition of Defitelio/defibrotide in January 2014 through our acquisition of a controlling interest in Gentium. Our aggregate acquisition cost for the Gentium Acquisition to date is $994.1 million, comprising cash payments of $1,011.2 million, offset by proceeds from the exercise of Gentium share options of $17.1 million. Defitelio was granted marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances by the European Commission, or EC, in October 2013 for the treatment of severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease, or VOD, in adults and children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or HSCT, therapy.

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Acquisition of Product Candidates

We have made significant investment in building our product development pipeline. In 2014, we acquired products and/or product candidates in the sleep and hematology/oncology therapeutic areas, where we believe we will be able to leverage our existing specialty commercial expertise and infrastructure, as well as our strong clinical, medical and commercial teams.

•JZP-110. In January 2014, we entered into an asset purchase agreement with Aerial BioPharma LLC, or Aerial, to acquire the worldwide development, manufacturing and commercial rights to JZP-110, other than in certain jurisdictions in Asia where SK Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, or SK, retains rights. JZP-110 is a late-stage investigational compound being developed for potential treatment of EDS in patients with narcolepsy and EDS in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, or OSA. Under the agreement, we made an upfront payment of $125.0 million to Aerial. We also paid a $2.0 million milestone to SK on assignment of the JZP-110 rights from Aerial to us. We are obligated to make milestone payments, in an aggregate amount of up to $270.0 million, based on development, regulatory and sales milestones and to pay tiered royalties from high single digits to mid-teens based on potential future sales of JZP-110.

•Defibrotide. In August 2014, we acquired from Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Sigma-Tau, the rights to defibrotide for the treatment and prevention of VOD in North America, Central America and South America. In exchange for the rights to defibrotide in the Americas, we made an upfront payment of $75.0 million to Sigma-Tau and are also obligated to make milestone payments of up to $175.0 million comprised of (i) $25.0 million upon the acceptance for filing by the FDA of the first NDA for defibrotide for VOD; and (ii) up to an additional $150.0 million based on the timing of potential FDA approval of defibrotide for VOD.

Increased Research and Development Activities

We substantially increased our research and development activities, which include clinical development of new product candidates, line extensions for existing products and the generation of additional clinical data for existing products, all in our sleep and hematology/oncology therapeutic areas. A summary of our development pipeline activities is provided below:



Project	Disease Area	Status
Sleep
JZP-110	EDS in narcolepsy	Expect to initiate a Phase 3 clinical trial in the second quarter of 2015
	EDS in OSA	Expect to initiate two Phase 3 clinical trials in the second quarter of 2015
JZP-386	EDS in narcolepsy	Phase 1 clinical trial in progress; expect additional data in the second quarter of 2015
Xyrem	Cataplexy in narcolepsy in children and adolescents	Phase 3 clinical trial initiated in the fourth quarter of 2014
Hematology/Oncology
Defibrotide	Severe VOD	Rolling new drug application, or NDA, submission initiated in the United States in December 2014; expect to complete the submission in mid-2015
Erwinaze	ALL in young adult population	Pharmacokinetic study in Phase 2 initiated in the second quarter of 2014
JZP-416	ALL	Phase 1 clinical trial in Europe completed; enrollment suspended in pivotal Phase 2 clinical trial in North America in first quarter of 2015
Leukotac^TM	Steroid refractory acute graft vs. host disease, or GvHD	Phase 3 clinical trial enrollment complete; expect preliminary data in mid-2015

In the sleep area, we have ongoing and planned clinical studies for our product and product candidates.

•

JZP-110. Based on feedback from the FDA on our development plans for JZP-110, we expect to commence our planned Phase 3 clinical program in the second quarter of 2015, subject to the availability of clinical trial materials. We plan to conduct one Phase 3 clinical trial in patients with EDS associated with narcolepsy and two Phase 3 clinical trials in patients with EDS associated with OSA. Approximately 900 patients are expected to be enrolled in these three trials in the aggregate. In addition, we plan to evaluate the long-term safety of JZP-110 in an open label extension trial and expect to enroll up to 450 patients from the three Phase 3 clinical trials in this extension trial.

•

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pharmacodynamics of the compound was conducted in 2014, and we initiated a second Phase 1 study in the first quarter of 2015, with data expected in the second quarter of 2015.

•

In the hematology and oncology area, we also have a number of development programs, including ongoing clinical trials.

•

Defibrotide. We are engaged in activities related to the potential approval of defibrotide in the United States. We initiated a rolling submission of an NDA to the FDA for defibrotide for the treatment of severe VOD in December 2014 and expect to complete the submission in mid-2015. We are also assessing the potential for approval of defibrotide in other countries and for development of defibrotide in indications in addition to the treatment of severe VOD.


•	Erwinaze. In the second quarter of 2014, we initiated a pharmacokinetics study in Phase 2 to further evaluate the use of Erwinaze in young adults age 18 to 39 with ALL who are hypersensitive to E. coli-derived asparaginase.

•

JZP-416 (formerly known as Asparec). We completed a Phase 1 clinical trial in Europe of JZP-416 (pegcrisantaspase), a PEGylated recombinant Erwinia chrysanthemi L-asparaginase, being developed for the treatment of patients with ALL who are hypersensitive to E. coli-derived asparaginase. In addition, we initiated our first study of JZP-416 in children in a pivotal Phase 2 clinical trial in North America in late 2014. In February 2015, we voluntarily suspended patient enrollment in this trial. Our decision to suspend enrollment and to discontinue treatment with JZP-416 for enrolled patients is based on the occurrence of hypersensitivity-like reactions following the administration of JZP-416 in some treated patients. We are in the process of collecting and evaluating the available data and plan to conduct additional research and analysis prior to determining whether to resume the study and determining next steps regarding the development of JZP-416.


•	Leukotac. We are conducting a Phase 3 clinical trial in Europe of Leukotac (inolimomab), an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of steroid-refractory acute GvHD. We completed enrollment for this study in March 2014 and expect to receive preliminary data in mid-2015.

For 2015 and beyond, we expect that our research and development expenses will increase substantially from historical levels, particularly as we initiate our planned clinical trials and related development work and potentially acquire rights to additional product candidates.

In June 2012, we entered into a credit agreement that provided for $475.0 million principal amount of term loans and a $100.0 million revolving credit facility. The proceeds from the term loans were used to partially finance the EUSA Acquisition in June 2012. In June 2013, we amended the credit agreement to provide for $557.2 million principal amount of term loans and a revolving credit facility of $200.0 million that replaced the $100.0 million revolving credit facility. We used a portion of the proceeds from the new term loans to refinance in full the $457.2 million principal amount of term loans outstanding under the credit agreement prior to the amendment. In January 2014, in connection with the Gentium Acquisition, we further amended the credit agreement to provide for a tranche of incremental term loans in the aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million, a tranche of term loans that refinanced the approximately $554.4 million principal amount of term loans outstanding prior to this amendment, and a $425.0 million revolving credit facility that replaced the $200.0 million revolving credit facility. We used the proceeds from the incremental term loans and $300.0 million of loans under the revolving credit facility, together with cash on hand, to purchase Gentium ordinary shares and American Depository Shares, or ADSs.

In August 2014, we completed a private placement of $575.0 million aggregate principal amount of 1.875% exchangeable senior notes due 2021, or the 2021 Notes, to several investment banks acting as initial purchasers who subsequently resold the 2021 Notes to qualified institutional buyers. The net proceeds from this offering were approximately $558.9 million, after deducting initial purchasers’ discounts and related offering expenses. We used a portion of the net proceeds from this offering to repay all then outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility provided for under our current credit agreement and intend to use the remainder of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including potential business development activities. For a more detailed discussion regarding our 2021 Notes, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below.

In 2013, we initiated purchases under a share repurchase program for up to $200 million of our ordinary shares. As of December 31, 2014, we had spent a total of $178.7 million, including brokerage commissions, to repurchase our ordinary shares under this program.

Over the past two years, we have made targeted investments to strengthen our operational capabilities to support our lead marketed products and product candidates in our primary therapeutic areas. During 2014, we reorganized our operations in Europe to focus on our hematology/oncology therapeutic area following the Gentium Acquisition and streamlined our U.S.

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commercial operations to devote more resources to our lead marketed products. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we entered into an agreement to sell certain products acquired as part of the EUSA Acquisition and the related business. The sale, subject to certain closing conditions, is expected to close in the first half of 2015. We acquired a manufacturing facility located in Italy in the Gentium Acquisition that produces active pharmaceutical ingredients, including defibrotide, and commenced construction of a manufacturing and development facility in Ireland.

We anticipate that we will continue to face a number of challenges and risks to our business and our ability to execute our strategy in 2015. For example, while we now have a more diversified product portfolio than in the past, our financial results remain significantly influenced by sales of Xyrem, which accounted for 67.0% of our net product sales in 2014 and 65.8% of our net product sales in 2013. As a result, we continue to place a high priority on seeking to maintain and increase sales of Xyrem in its approved indications, while remaining focused on ensuring the safe and effective use of the product. We are also focusing on the lifecycle management of Xyrem, including seeking to enhance and enforce our intellectual property rights and to develop product, service and safety improvements for patients.

Our ability to maintain or increase Xyrem product sales is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In particular, five abbreviated new drug applications, or ANDAs, have been filed with the FDA by third parties seeking to market generic versions of Xyrem, including the most recent in the fourth quarter of 2014. We have initiated lawsuits against all five third parties, and the litigation proceedings are ongoing. We cannot predict the timing or outcome of these proceedings. Although no trial date has been set in any of the ANDA suits, we anticipate that trial on some of the patents in the case against the first ANDA filer, Roxane Laboratories, Inc., or Roxane, could occur as early as the third quarter of 2015. In addition, certain of the ANDA filers have sought to challenge the validity of our patents covering the distribution system for Xyrem by filing petitions for covered business method, or CBM, post-grant patent review and/or inter partes review, or IPR, by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, or PTAB, of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO. The PTAB has issued decisions denying institution of CBM review for all of the CBM petitions and has not yet determined whether to institute proceedings with respect to the petitions for IPR. We cannot predict whether PTAB will institute any of the petitioned IPR proceedings, whether additional post-grant patent review challenges will be filed, the outcome of any IPR or other proceeding if instituted, or the impact any IPR or other proceeding might have on ongoing ANDA litigation proceedings. We expect that the approval of an ANDA that results in the launch of a generic version of Xyrem, or the approval and launch of other sodium oxybate products that compete with Xyrem, would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We are continuing our efforts on various regulatory matters, including updating documents that we have submitted to the FDA on our risk management and controlled distribution system for Xyrem, which we refer to as the Xyrem Risk Management Program. We are engaged in ongoing communications with respect to our risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, or REMS, documents for Xyrem, but have not reached agreement with the FDA on certain significant terms. In late 2013, the FDA notified us that it would exercise its claimed authority to modify our REMS and that it would finalize the REMS as modified by the FDA unless we initiated dispute resolution procedures with respect to the modification of the Xyrem deemed REMS. Among other things, we disagree with the FDA’s position in the late 2013 notice that, as part of the current REMS process, the Xyrem deemed REMS should be modified to enable the distribution of Xyrem through more than one pharmacy, or potentially through retail pharmacies and wholesalers, as well as with certain modifications proposed by the FDA that would, in the FDA’s view, be sufficient to ensure that the REMS includes only those elements necessary to ensure that the benefits of Xyrem outweigh its risks, and that would, in the FDA’s view, reduce the burden on the healthcare system. Given these circumstances, we initiated dispute resolution procedures with the FDA at the end of February 2014. We received the FDA’s denial of our initial dispute resolution submission in the second quarter of 2014, and our dispute is currently subject to further supervisory review at the next administrative level of the FDA. We have received interim responses from the FDA, but the FDA has not yet communicated a decision on our further appeal to us. We expect to receive the FDA’s decision in the first quarter of 2015. We cannot predict whether, or on what terms, we will reach agreement with the FDA on final REMS documents for Xyrem, the outcome or timing of the current dispute resolution procedure, whether we will initiate additional dispute resolution proceedings with the FDA or other legal proceedings prior to finalizing the REMS documents, or the outcome or timing of any such proceedings. We expect that final REMS documents for Xyrem will include modifications to, and/or requirements that are not currently implemented in, the Xyrem Risk Management Program. Any such modifications or additional requirements could potentially make it more difficult or expensive for us to distribute Xyrem, make it easier for future generic competitors, and/or negatively affect sales of Xyrem.

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include the same elements that are in our deemed REMS or, when Xyrem REMS documents are approved, with a separate REMS that includes different, but comparable, elements to assure safe use. Similarly, it is possible that, consistent with the position that the FDA articulated in its December 2012 response denying a Citizen Petition we filed in July 2012, the FDA could approve an ANDA with a risk management plan that is separate from our Xyrem deemed REMS, rather than with a final REMS or a shared REMS for both the generic and Xyrem. We cannot predict the outcome or impact on our business of any future action that we may take with respect to the development of a single shared system REMS for Xyrem (sodium oxybate), licensing or sharing our REMS, or the FDA’s response to a certification that a third party had been unable to obtain a license.

Sales of our second largest product, Erwinaze/Erwinase, continue to grow. Sales of Erwinaze/Erwinase accounted for 17.2% of our net product sales in 2014 and 20.1% of our net product sales in 2013. We seek to maintain and increase sales of Erwinaze, as well as to make Erwinaze more widely available, through ongoing sales and marketing and research and development activities. However, our ability to successfully and sustainably maintain or grow sales of Erwinaze is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including the limited population of patients with ALL and the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to E. coli-derived asparaginase within that population, our ability to obtain clinical data on the use of Erwinaze in young adults age 18 to 39 with ALL who are hypersensitive to E. coli-derived asparaginase, as well as our need to apply for and receive marketing authorizations, through the EU’s mutual recognition procedure or otherwise, in certain additional countries so we can launch promotional efforts in those countries, as well as those other risks and uncertainties discussed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In particular, a significant challenge to our ability to maintain current sales levels and to increase sales is our need to avoid supply interruptions of Erwinaze due to capacity constraints, production delays, quality challenges or other manufacturing difficulties. We have limited inventory of Erwinaze, which puts us at significant risk of not being able to meet product demand. The current manufacturing capacity for Erwinaze is nearly completely absorbed by demand for the product. As a consequence of constrained manufacturing capacity, we have had an extremely limited ability to build an excess level of product inventory that could be used to absorb disruptions to supply resulting from any quality or other issues. If we continue to be subject to capacity constraints or experience quality or other manufacturing challenges in the future, we may be unable to build a desired excess level of product inventory, and our ability to supply the market may be compromised. Although we are taking steps to improve the Erwinaze manufacturing process, if our ongoing efforts are not successful, we could experience additional Erwinaze supply interruptions in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our sales of and revenues from Erwinaze and limit our potential future maintenance and growth of the market for this product. In addition, while we continue to work with the manufacturer of Erwinaze to evaluate potential steps to expand production capacity to increase the supply of Erwinaze over the longer term to address worldwide demand, our ability to maintain or increase sales of Erwinaze may be limited by our ability to obtain a sufficient supply of the product.

In furtherance of our growth strategy, we have made a significant investment in Defitelio. Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from this investment is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In particular, we may not be able to successfully maintain or grow sales of Defitelio in Europe, or obtain marketing approval in other countries, including the United States, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. A key challenge to our success in maintaining or growing sales of Defitelio in Europe is our ability to obtain appropriate pricing and reimbursement approvals in those European countries where Defitelio is not yet launched. If we experience delays or unforeseen difficulties in obtaining favorable pricing and reimbursement approvals, planned launches in the affected countries would be delayed, or, if we are unable to ultimately obtain favorable pricing and reimbursement approvals in countries that represent significant markets, especially where a country’s reimbursed price influences other countries, our growth prospects in Europe could be negatively affected.

We do not expect to be required to complete any additional clinical trials prior to completion of the submission of an NDA for defibrotide in the United States. However, we may be unable to acquire and remediate key information to be included in the data package for the NDA in a timely manner or our analysis of such information may not support submission, which would delay or preclude the completion of our NDA submission, and we may be unable to otherwise obtain regulatory approval of defibrotide in the United States in a timely manner, if at all. We also face other challenges that could impact the anticipated value of Defitelio/defibrotide, including the limited size of the population of patients who undergo HSCT therapy and develop severe VOD, the need to establish U.S. pricing and reimbursement support for the product in the event we are able to obtain U.S. marketing approval for defibrotide, the possibility that we may be required to conduct time-consuming and costly clinical trials as a condition of any U.S. marketing approval for the product, the lack of experience of U.S. physicians in diagnosing and treating VOD, and challenges to our ability to develop the product for indications in addition to the treatment of severe VOD. If sales of Defitelio/defibrotide do not reach the levels we expect, our anticipated revenue from the product would be negatively affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

The implementation of our strategy is also subject to other challenges and risks specific to our business, as well as risks and uncertainties common to companies in the pharmaceutical industry with development and commercial operations. In

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addition to risks specifically related to Xyrem, Erwinaze and Defitelio/defibrotide, other key challenges and risks that we face include risks and uncertainties related to:


•	the challenges of protecting and enhancing our intellectual property rights;


•	delays or problems in the supply or manufacture of our products, particularly with respect to certain products as to which we maintain limited inventories, including products for which our supply demands are growing, and our dependence on single source suppliers to continue to meet our ongoing commercial demand or our requirements for clinical trial supplies;

•

the need to obtain and maintain appropriate pricing and reimbursement for our products in an increasingly challenging environment due to, among other things, the attention being paid to healthcare cost containment and other austerity measures in the United States and worldwide, including the need to obtain and maintain reimbursement for Xyrem in the United States in an environment in which we are subject to increasingly restrictive conditions for reimbursement required by third party payors;


•	the challenges of compliance with the requirements of the FDA, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, and non-U.S. regulatory agencies, including with respect to product labeling, requirements for distribution, obtaining sufficient DEA quotas where needed, marketing and promotional activities, adverse event reporting and product recalls or withdrawals;


•	the challenges of achieving and maintaining commercial success of our products, such as obtaining sustained acceptance of our products by patients, physicians and payors;

•

the risks associated with business combination or product or product candidate acquisition transactions, such as the challenges inherent in the integration of acquired businesses with our historic business, the increase in geographic dispersion among our centers of operation, taking on the operation of a manufacturing plant as a result of the Gentium Acquisition and the risks that we may acquire unanticipated liabilities along with acquired businesses or otherwise fail to realize the anticipated benefits (commercial or otherwise) from such transactions;


•	the difficulty and uncertainty of pharmaceutical product development, including the timing thereof, and the uncertainty of clinical success, such as the risk that results from preclinical studies and/or early clinical trials may not be predictive of results obtained in later and larger clinical trials planned or anticipated to be conducted for our product candidates;


•	the inherent uncertainty associated with the regulatory approval process, especially as we continue to undertake increased activities and make growing investment in our product pipeline development projects;


•	our ability to identify and acquire, in-license or develop additional products or product candidates to grow our business; and


•	possible restrictions on our ability and flexibility to pursue certain future opportunities as a result of our substantial outstanding debt obligations, which increased significantly in 2014.

All of these risks are discussed in greater detail, along with other risks, in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Results of Operations

The following table presents revenues and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 (amounts in thousands):



	2014 (1)			Change		2013		Change		2012 (2)
Product sales, net	$	1,162,716		34	%	$	865,398	49	%	$	580,527
Royalties and contract revenues	10,159			45	%	7,025		29	%	5,452
Cost of product sales (excluding amortization of acquired developed technologies and intangible asset impairment)	117,418			15	%	102,146		30	%	78,425
Selling, general and administrative	406,114			33	%	304,303		36	%	223,882
Research and development	85,181			105	%	41,632		103	%	20,477
Acquired in-process research and development	202,626			N/A(3)		4,988		N/A(3)		—
Intangible asset amortization	126,584			60	%	79,042		21	%	65,351
Impairment charges	39,365			N/A(3)		—		N/A(3)		—
Interest expense, net	52,713			96	%	26,916		60	%	16,869
Foreign currency (gain) loss	(8,683		)	N/A(3)		1,697		(53	)%	3,620
Loss on extinguishment and modification of debt	—			N/A(3)		3,749		N/A(3)		—
Income tax provision (benefit)	94,231			3	%	91,638		N/A(3)		(83,794		)
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax	(1,061		)	N/A(3)		—		N/A(3)		—

_________________________


(1)	Our financial results include the financial results of the historic Gentium business since the closing of the Gentium Acquisition on January 23, 2014.

(2)

Our financial results include the financial results of the historic Azur Pharma and EUSA Pharma businesses since the completion of the Azur Merger on January 18, 2012 and the EUSA Acquisition on June 12, 2012. The following discussions of our results of operations exclude the results related to the women’s health business sold in 2012 (see “Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes” below for more information). This business was segregated from continuing operations and reflected as a discontinued operation for the 2012 period.


(3)	Comparison to prior period is not meaningful.

Revenues

The following table presents product sales, royalties and contract revenues, and total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 (amounts in thousands):



	2014		Change		2013		Change		2012
Xyrem	$	778,584	37	%	$	569,113	50	%	$	378,663
Erwinaze/Erwinase	199,665		15	%	174,251		142	%	72,083
Defitelio/defibrotide	70,537		N/A(1)		—		N/A(1)		—
Prialt^® (ziconotide) intrathecal infusion	26,421		(3	)%	27,103		3