Edgar Filing: Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc

Document

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)



ý	Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018



¨	Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-33500

JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Ireland	98-1032470
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Fifth Floor, Waterloo Exchange,

Waterloo Road, Dublin 4, Ireland

011-353-1-634-7800

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer	ý		Accelerated filer	¨

Non-accelerated filer	¨	(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company	¨

Emerging growth company	¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No ý

As of April 30, 2018, 59,996,224 ordinary shares of the registrant, nominal value $0.0001 per share, were outstanding.

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JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PLC

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 2018

INDEX



		Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets – March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income – Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2017	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income – Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2017	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows – Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2017	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	25

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	38

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	38

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	39

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	39

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	88

Item 6.	Exhibits	89

SIGNATURES		91

We own or have rights to various copyrights, trademarks and trade names used in our business in the U.S. and/or other countries, including the following: Jazz Pharmaceuticals^®, Xyrem^® (sodium oxybate) oral solution, Erwinaze^® (asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi), Erwinase^®, Defitelio^® (defibrotide sodium), Defitelio^® (defibrotide), Prialt^® (ziconotide) intrathecal infusion, CombiPlex^® and Vyxeos^®(daunorubicin and cytarabine) liposome for injection. This report also includes trademarks, service marks and trade names of other companies. Trademarks, service marks and trade names appearing in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are the property of their respective owners.

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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION


Item 1.	Financial Statements

JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PLC

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	453,169		$	386,035
Investments	255,000			215,000
Accounts receivable, net of allowances	281,424			224,129
Inventories	46,384			43,245
Prepaid expenses	27,476			23,182
Other current assets	62,868			76,686
Total current assets	1,126,321			968,277
Property, plant and equipment, net	178,920			170,080
Intangible assets, net	2,953,146			2,979,127
Goodwill	960,509			947,537
Deferred tax assets, net	38,103			34,559
Deferred financing costs	7,144			7,673
Other non-current assets	22,985			16,419
Total assets	$	5,287,128		$	5,123,672
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	46,933		$	24,368
Accrued liabilities	240,544			198,779
Current portion of long-term debt	45,117			40,605
Income taxes payable	36,048			21,577
Deferred revenue	6,977			8,618
Total current liabilities	375,619			293,947
Deferred revenue, non-current	13,641			16,115
Long-term debt, less current portion	1,537,044			1,540,433
Deferred tax liabilities, net	382,072			383,472
Other non-current liabilities	192,181			176,608
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)
Shareholders’ equity:
Ordinary shares	6			6
Non-voting euro deferred shares	55			55
Capital redemption reserve	472			472
Additional paid-in capital	1,955,756			1,935,486
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(98,768		)	(140,878		)
Retained earnings	929,050			917,956
Total shareholders’ equity	2,786,571			2,713,097
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	5,287,128		$	5,123,672

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PLC

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Revenues:
Product sales, net	$	440,847		$	373,678
Royalties and contract revenues	3,766			2,375
Total revenues	444,613			376,053
Operating expenses:
Cost of product sales (excluding amortization of intangible assets)	33,919			25,065
Selling, general and administrative	207,213			144,255
Research and development	62,667			44,928
Intangible asset amortization	53,007			25,665
Total operating expenses	356,806			239,913
Income from operations	87,807			136,140
Interest expense, net	(20,605		)	(18,844		)
Foreign exchange loss	(1,728		)	(1,464		)
Income before income tax provision and equity in loss of investees	65,474			115,832
Income tax provision	19,146			29,160
Equity in loss of investees	337			161
Net income	$	45,991		$	86,511

Net income per ordinary share:
Basic	$	0.77		$	1.44
Diluted	$	0.75		$	1.41
Weighted-average ordinary shares used in per share calculations - basic	59,928			59,880
Weighted-average ordinary shares used in per share calculations - diluted	61,178			61,178

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PLC

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Net income	$	45,991	$	86,511
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments	38,853		18,112
Unrealized gain (loss) on hedging activities, net of tax expense (benefit) of $458 and $(89), respectively	3,204		(622		)
Other comprehensive income	42,057		17,490
Total comprehensive income	$	88,048	$	104,001

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PLC

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Operating activities
Net income	$	45,991		$	86,511
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Intangible asset amortization	53,007			25,665
Share-based compensation	24,303			25,193
Depreciation	3,722			3,130
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment	256			82
Deferred income taxes	(15,307		)	(15,000		)
Provision for losses on accounts receivable and inventory	590			948
Amortization of debt discount and deferred financing costs	10,617			5,615
Other non-cash transactions	16,026			1,405
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(56,591		)	(8,483		)
Inventories	(3,312		)	(4,258		)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(3,534		)	(10,637		)
Other long-term assets	(3,988		)	(2,170		)
Accounts payable	23,136			5,865
Accrued liabilities	47,484			(15,743		)
Income taxes payable	14,183			30,753
Deferred revenue	(1,875		)	27,490
Other non-current liabilities	7,651			8,174
Net cash provided by operating activities	162,359			164,540
Investing activities
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	(7,149		)	(3,574		)
Acquisition of investments	(235,000		)	(60,000		)
Proceeds from maturity of investments	195,000			60,000
Net cash used in investing activities	(47,149		)	(3,574		)
Financing activities
Proceeds from employee equity incentive and purchase plans	10,588			5,676
Repayments of long-term debt	(9,023		)	(9,023		)
Payment of employee withholding taxes related to share-based awards	(14,594		)	(14,431		)
Share repurchases	(34,546		)	(13,896		)
Repayments under revolving credit facility	—			(150,000		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(47,575		)	(181,674		)
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents	(501		)	1,740
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	67,134			(18,968		)
Cash and cash equivalents, at beginning of period	386,035			365,963
Cash and cash equivalents, at end of period	$	453,169		$	346,995

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PLC

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc is an international biopharmaceutical company focused on improving patients’ lives by identifying, developing and commercializing meaningful products that address unmet medical needs.

We have a diverse portfolio of products and product candidates, with a focus in the areas of sleep and hematology/oncology. Our lead marketed products are:


•	Xyrem^® (sodium oxybate) oral solution, the only product approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and marketed in the U.S. for the treatment of both cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy;


•	Erwinaze^® (asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi), a treatment approved in the U.S. and in certain markets in Europe (where it is marketed as Erwinase^®) for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who have developed hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase;

•

Defitelio^®(defibrotide sodium), a product approved in the U.S. for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with hepatic veno-occlusive disease, or VOD, also known as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome with renal or pulmonary dysfunction following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or HSCT, and in Europe (where it is marketed as Defitelio^®(defibrotide)) for the treatment of severe VOD in adults and children undergoing HSCT therapy; and


•	Vyxeos^®(daunorubicin and cytarabine) liposome for injection, a product approved in the U.S. for the treatment of adults with newly-diagnosed therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes.

Our strategy is to create shareholder value by:


•	Growing sales of the existing products in our portfolio, including by identifying and investing in growth opportunities such as new treatment indications and new geographic markets;


•	Acquiring or licensing rights to clinically meaningful and differentiated products on the market or product candidates at various stages of development; and


•	Pursuing targeted development of post-discovery differentiated product candidates.

We apply a disciplined approach to allocating our resources between investments in our current commercial and development portfolio and acquisitions or in-licensing of new assets.

Throughout this report, unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references to “Jazz Pharmaceuticals,” “the registrant,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc and its consolidated subsidiaries. Throughout this report, all references to “ordinary shares” refer to Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc’s ordinary shares.

Basis of Presentation

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared following the requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for interim reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain footnotes and other financial information that are normally required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP, can be condensed or omitted. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with our annual consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

In the opinion of management, these condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual consolidated financial statements and include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for the fair presentation of our financial position and operating results. The results for the three months ended March 31, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2018, for any other interim period or for any future period.

Except for the revenue recognition accounting policy that was updated as a result of adopting ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, or ASU No. 2014-09, our significant accounting policies have not changed substantially from those previously described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

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These condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc and our subsidiaries, and intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Our operating segment is reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker, or CODM. Our CODM has been identified as our chief executive officer. We have determined that we operate in one business segment, which is the identification, development and commercialization of meaningful pharmaceutical products that address unmet medical needs.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued ASU No. 2014-09. The standard states that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve this, an entity will need to identify the contract with a customer; identify the separate performance obligations in the contract; determine the transaction price; allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligations in the contract; and recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies each performance obligation. We adopted ASU No. 2014-09 on January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis. The adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 did not have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position as the timing of revenue recognition for product sales, net, which is our primary revenue stream, did not change. Please see Note 12 for revenue-related disclosures.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments”. ASU No. 2016-15 addresses how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory” which requires an entity to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity asset transfer, other than an intra-entity asset transfer of inventory, when the transfer occurs. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis and adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business” which provides clarification on the definition of a business and adds guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. The impact of ASU No. 2017-01 will be dependent upon the nature of our future acquisition or disposition transactions, if any.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities”. ASU No. 2017-12 amends and simplifies existing guidance in order to allow companies to more accurately present the economic effects of risk management activities in their financial statements. ASU No. 2017-12 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We elected to early adopt this standard on January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

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The cumulative effect of the changes made to our consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2018 for the adoption of the above accounting standards was as follows (in thousands):



	Balance at December 31, 2017			Transition Adjustments			Balance at January 1, 2018
Assets:
Deferred tax assets, net	$	34,559		$	595		$	35,154
Liabilities:
Deferred revenue	8,618			(1,120		)	7,498
Deferred revenue, non-current	16,115			(1,120		)	14,995
Deferred tax liabilities, net	383,472			3,133			386,605
Shareholders' Equity:
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(140,878		)	53			(140,825		)
Retained earnings	917,956			(351		)	917,605

Revenue Recognition

Our revenue comprises product sales, net and royalty and contract revenues. Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Prior to recognizing revenue, we make estimates of the transaction price, including variable consideration that is subject to a constraint. Amounts of variable consideration are included in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.

Product Sales, Net

Product sales revenue is recognized when control has transferred to the customer, which occurs at a point in time, which is typically on delivery to the customer or, in the case of products that are subject to consignment agreements, when the customer removes product from our consigned inventory location for shipment directly to a patient.

Reserves for Variable Consideration

Revenues from sales of products are recorded at the net sales price, which includes estimates of variable consideration for which reserves are established and which relate to returns, specialty distributor fees, wholesaler fees, prompt payment discounts, government rebates, government chargebacks, coupon programs and rebates under managed care plans. Calculating certain of these reserves involves estimates and judgments and we determine their expected value based on sales or invoice data, contractual terms, historical utilization rates, new information regarding changes in these programs’ regulations and guidelines that would impact the amount of the actual rebates, our expectations regarding future utilization rates for these programs and channel inventory data. These reserves reflect our best estimates of the amount of consideration to which we are entitled based on the terms of the contract. The amount of variable consideration that is included in the transaction price may be constrained, and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur in a future period. We reassess our reserves for variable consideration at each reporting date. Historically, adjustments to estimates for these reserves have not been material.

Reserves for returns, specialty distributor fees, wholesaler fees, government rebates, coupon programs and rebates under managed care plans are included within current liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Reserves for government chargebacks and prompt payment discounts are shown as a reduction in accounts receivable.

Royalties and Contract Revenues

We enter into out-licensing agreements under which we license certain rights to our products or product candidates to third parties. If a licensing arrangement includes multiple goods or services, we consider whether the license is distinct. If the license to our intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, we recognize revenue from non-refundable, upfront fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license. If the license to our intellectual property is determined not to be distinct, it is combined with other goods or services into a combined performance obligation. We consider whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of

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measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue from non-refundable, upfront fees. We evaluate the measure of progress each reporting date and, if necessary, adjust the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

At the inception of each arrangement that includes development milestone payments, we evaluate whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimate the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within our control or that of the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, for which we recognize revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, we re-evaluate the probability of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjust our estimate of the overall transaction price.

For arrangements that include sales-based royalties and milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties and sales-based milestones relate, we recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty or sales-based milestone has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

Significant Risks and Uncertainties

Our financial results are significantly influenced by sales of Xyrem. Our ability to maintain or increase Xyrem product sales is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including, without limitation, the potential U.S. introduction of a generic version of Xyrem before the entry dates specified in our settlements with certain abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, filers or on terms that are different from those contemplated by the settlement agreements; the potential U.S. introduction of new products that compete with, or otherwise disrupt the market for, Xyrem in the treatment of cataplexy and/or excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy; ongoing patent litigation and related proceedings or the possibility of new ANDA filers and challenges; changes to or uncertainties around regulatory restrictions, including, among other things, changes to our Xyrem risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS; changes in healthcare laws and policy, including changes in requirements for patient assistance programs, rebates, reimbursement and coverage by federal healthcare programs, and changes resulting from increased scrutiny on pharmaceutical pricing and REMS programs by government entities; operational disruptions at the Xyrem central pharmacy or any failure to comply with our REMS obligations to the satisfaction of the FDA; and continued acceptance of Xyrem by physicians and patients.

In addition to risks related specifically to Xyrem, we are subject to other challenges and risks specific to our business and our ability to execute on our strategy, as well as risks and uncertainties common to companies in the pharmaceutical industry with development and commercial operations, including, without limitation, risks and uncertainties associated with: effectively commercializing our other products and product candidates; pharmaceutical product development and the inherent uncertainty of clinical success; the regulatory approval process; the challenges of protecting and enhancing our intellectual property rights; our dependence on sole source suppliers for most of our products, including the risk of delays or problems in the supply or manufacture of our products and product candidates; competition; complying with applicable regulatory requirements; changes in healthcare laws and policy and related reforms; government investigations and other actions; obtaining and maintaining appropriate pricing and reimbursement for our products; business combination or product or product candidate acquisition transactions; and possible restrictions on our ability and flexibility to pursue certain future opportunities as a result of our substantial outstanding debt obligations.

Concentrations of Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents, investments and derivative contracts. Our investment policy permits investments in U.S. federal government and federal agency securities, corporate bonds or commercial paper issued by U.S. corporations, money market instruments, certain qualifying money market mutual funds, certain repurchase agreements, and tax-exempt obligations of U.S. states, agencies and municipalities and places restrictions on credit ratings, maturities, and concentration by type and issuer. We are exposed to credit risk in the event of a default by the financial institutions holding our cash, cash equivalents and investments to the extent recorded on the balance sheet.

We manage our foreign currency transaction risk and interest rate risk within specified guidelines through the use of derivatives. All of our derivative instruments are utilized for risk management purposes, and we do not use derivatives for speculative trading purposes. As of March 31, 2018, we had foreign exchange forward contracts with notional amounts totaling $186.5 million. As of March 31, 2018, the net liability fair value of outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts was $0.2 million. As of March 31, 2018, we had interest rate swap contracts with notional amounts totaling $300.0 million. These

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outstanding interest rate swap contracts had a net asset fair value of $5.4 million as of March 31, 2018. The counterparties to these contracts are large multinational commercial banks, and we believe the risk of nonperformance is not material.

We are also subject to credit risk from our accounts receivable related to our product sales. We monitor our exposure within accounts receivable and record a reserve against uncollectible accounts receivable as necessary. We extend credit to pharmaceutical wholesale distributors and specialty pharmaceutical distribution companies, primarily in the U.S., and to other international distributors and hospitals. Customer creditworthiness is monitored and collateral is not required. We monitor deteriorating economic conditions in certain European countries which may result in variability of the timing of cash receipts and an increase in the average length of time that it takes to collect accounts receivable outstanding. Historically, we have not experienced significant credit losses on our accounts receivable and as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, allowances on receivables were not material. As of March 31, 2018, five customers accounted for 93% of gross accounts receivable, including Express Scripts Specialty Distribution Services, Inc. and its affiliates, or Express Scripts, which accounted for 72% of gross accounts receivable, and McKesson Corporation and affiliates, or McKesson, which accounted for 19% of gross accounts receivable.

We depend on single source suppliers for most of our products, product candidates and their active pharmaceutical ingredients, or APIs. With respect to Xyrem, the API is manufactured for us by a single source supplier and the finished product is manufactured both by us in our facility in Athlone, Ireland and by our U.S.-based Xyrem supplier.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment” which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment by eliminating Step 2 of the current goodwill impairment test. Goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, limited to the carrying value of the goodwill. The standard is effective for us beginning January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted for any impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. The new guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)”. Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize a right-of-use asset, which represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term, and a corresponding lease liability, which represents the lessee’s obligation to make lease payments under a lease, measured on a discounted basis. ASU No. 2016-02 is effective beginning January 1, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. ASU No. 2016-02 must be adopted on a modified retrospective transition basis for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the consolidated financial statements. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 will result in a significant increase in our consolidated balance sheet for right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. While we are continuing to assess all potential impacts of the standard, we currently believe the most significant impact relates to our accounting for the lease agreements we entered into in January 2015 and September 2017 to lease office space located in Palo Alto, California in buildings constructed or to be constructed by the landlord, which are accounted for as build-to-suit arrangements under existing accounting standards, and the lease agreement we entered into in August 2016 for office space in Dublin, Ireland. The future minimum lease payments under these leases at March 31, 2018 were $213.9 million.

2. Cash and Available-for-Sale Securities

Cash, cash equivalents and investments consisted of the following (in thousands):



	March 31, 2018
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Investments
Cash	$	136,883	$	—	$	—	$	136,883	$	136,883	$	—
Time deposits	390,000		—		—		390,000		135,000		255,000
Money market funds	181,286		—		—		181,286		181,286		—
Totals	$	708,169	$	—	$	—	$	708,169	$	453,169	$	255,000

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	December 31, 2017
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Investments
Cash	$	225,235	$	—	$	—	$	225,235	$	225,235	$	—
Time deposits	235,000		—		—		235,000		20,000		215,000
Money market funds	140,800		—		—		140,800		140,800		—
Totals	$	601,035	$	—	$	—	$	601,035	$	386,035	$	215,000

Cash equivalents and investments are considered available-for-sale securities. We use the specific-identification method for calculating realized gains and losses on securities sold and include them in interest expense, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income. Our investment balances represent time deposits with original maturities of greater than three months and less than one year.

3. Fair Value Measurement

The following table summarizes, by major security type, our available-for-sale securities and derivative contracts as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis and were categorized using the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):



	March 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Total Estimated Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Total Estimated Fair Value
Assets:
Available-for-sale securities:
Time deposits	$	—	$	390,000	$	390,000	$	—	$	235,000	$	235,000
Money market funds	181,286		—		181,286		140,800		—		140,800
Interest rate contracts	—		5,416		5,416		—		2,138		2,138
Foreign exchange forward contracts	—		907		907		—		15,495		15,495
Totals	$	181,286	$	396,323	$	577,609	$	140,800	$	252,633	$	393,433
Liabilities:
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	392	$	392
Foreign exchange forward contracts	—		1,120		1,120		—		5,017		5,017
Totals	$	—	$	1,120	$	1,120	$	—	$	5,409	$	5,409

As of March 31, 2018, our available-for-sale securities included time deposits and money market funds and their carrying values were approximately equal to their fair values. Time deposits were measured at fair value using Level 2 inputs and money market funds were measured using quoted prices in active markets, which represent Level 1 inputs. Level 2 inputs, obtained from various third party data providers, represent quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, or these inputs were derived from observable market data, or if not directly observable, were derived from or corroborated by other observable market data.

Our derivative assets and liabilities include interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives that are measured at fair value using observable market inputs such as forward rates, interest rates, our own credit risk as well as an evaluation of our counterparties’ credit risks. Based on these inputs, the derivative assets and liabilities are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

There were no transfers between the different levels of the fair value hierarchy in 2018 or in 2017.

As of March 31, 2018, the estimated fair values of our 1.875% exchangeable senior notes due 2021, or the 2021 Notes, and our 1.50% exchangeable senior notes due 2024, or the 2024 Notes, were approximately $602 million and $561 million, respectively. The fair values of the 2021 Notes and the 2024 Notes, which we refer to together as the Exchangeable Senior Notes, were estimated using quoted market prices obtained from brokers (Level 2). The estimated fair value of our borrowing

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under our term loan was approximately equal to its book value based on the borrowing rates currently available for variable rate loans (Level 2).

4. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

We are exposed to certain risks arising from operating internationally, including fluctuations in interest rates on our outstanding term loan borrowings and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates primarily related to the translation of euro-denominated net monetary liabilities, including intercompany balances, held by subsidiaries with a U.S. dollar functional currency. We manage these exposures within specified guidelines through the use of derivatives. All of our derivative instruments are utilized for risk management purposes, and we do not use derivatives for speculative trading purposes.

To achieve a desired mix of floating and fixed interest rates on our variable rate debt, we entered into interest rate swap agreements in March 2017 which are effective from March 3, 2017 until July 12, 2021. These agreements hedge contractual term loan interest rates. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the interest rate swap agreements had a notional amount of $300.0 million. As a result of these agreements, the interest rate on a portion of our term loan borrowings was fixed at 1.895%, plus the borrowing spread, until July 12, 2021.

The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as and that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. The impact on accumulated other comprehensive loss and earnings from derivative instruments that qualified as cash flow hedges for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended March 31,
Interest Rate Contracts:	2018		2017
Gain (loss) recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax	$	3,037	$	(855	)
Loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to interest expense, net of tax	167		233

Assuming no change in LIBOR-based interest rates from market rates as of March 31, 2018, $0.6 million of gains recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss will be reclassified to earnings over the next 12 months.

We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts, with durations of up to 12 months, designed to limit the exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates related to the translation of certain non-U.S. dollar denominated liabilities, including intercompany balances. Hedge accounting is not applied to these derivative instruments as gains and losses on these hedge transactions are designed to offset gains and losses on underlying balance sheet exposures. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the notional amount of foreign exchange contracts where hedge accounting is not applied was $186.5 million and $98.7 million, respectively. The foreign exchange loss in our condensed consolidated statements of income included gains of $3.8 million associated with foreign exchange contracts not designated as hedging instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

The cash flow effects of our derivative contracts for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 are included within net cash provided by operating activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

The following tables summarize the fair value of outstanding derivatives (in thousands):



	March 31, 2018
	Asset Derivatives			Liability Derivatives
	Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value		Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate contracts	Other current assets	$	706	Accrued liabilities	$	—
	Other non-current assets	4,710
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange forward contracts	Other current assets	907		Accrued liabilities	1,120
Total fair value of derivative instruments		$	6,323		$	1,120

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	December 31, 2017
	Asset Derivatives			Liability Derivatives
	Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value		Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate contracts	Other non-current assets	$	2,138	Accrued liabilities	$	392
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange forward contracts	Other current assets	15,495		Accrued liabilities	5,017
Total fair value of derivative instruments		$	17,633		$	5,409

Although we do not offset derivative assets and liabilities within our condensed consolidated balance sheets, our International Swap and Derivatives Association agreements provide for net settlement of transactions that are due to or from the same counterparty upon early termination of the agreement due to an event of default or other termination event. The following tables summarize the potential effect on our condensed consolidated balance sheets of offsetting our interest rate contracts and foreign exchange forward contracts subject to such provisions (in thousands):



	March 31, 2018
	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets/ Liabilities			Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Net Amounts of Assets/ Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet			Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet
Description	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets/ Liabilities			Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet					Derivative Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received (Pledged)		Net Amount
Derivative assets	$	2,711		$	—	$	2,711		$	(71	)	$	—	$	2,640
Derivative liabilities	(71		)	—		(71		)	71			—		—



	December 31, 2017
	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets/ Liabilities			Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Net Amounts of Assets/ Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet			Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet
Description	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets/ Liabilities			Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet					Derivative Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received (Pledged)		Net Amount
Derivative assets	$	1,639		$	—	$	1,639		$	(875	)	$	—	$	764
Derivative liabilities	(875		)	—		(875		)	875			—		—

5. Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):



	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Raw materials	$	5,083	$	3,542
Work in process	21,238		15,692
Finished goods	20,063		24,011
Total inventories	$	46,384	$	43,245

6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The gross carrying amount of goodwill was as follows (in thousands):



Balance at December 31, 2017	$	947,537
Foreign exchange	12,972
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	960,509

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The gross carrying amounts and net book values of our intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):



	March 31, 2018								December 31, 2017
	Remaining Weighted- Average Useful Life (In years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value
Acquired developed technologies	14.6	$	3,426,056	$	(625,755	)	$	2,800,301	$	3,392,832	$	(562,473	)	$	2,830,359
Manufacturing contracts	—	13,192		(13,192		)	—		12,824		(12,634		)	190
Trademarks	—	2,918		(2,918		)	—		2,910		(2,910		)	—
Total finite-lived intangible assets		3,442,166		(641,865		)	2,800,301		3,408,566		(578,017		)	2,830,549
Acquired IPR&D assets		152,845		—			152,845		148,578		—			148,578
Total intangible assets		$	3,595,011	$	(641,865	)	$	2,953,146	$	3,557,144	$	(578,017	)	$	2,979,127

The increase in the gross carrying amount of intangible assets as of March 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 reflected the positive impact of foreign currency translation adjustments, which was due to the strengthening of the euro against the U.S. dollar.

The assumptions and estimates used to determine future cash flows and remaining useful lives of our intangible and other long-lived assets are complex and subjective. They can be affected by various factors, including external factors, such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors such as changes in our business strategy and our forecasts for specific product lines.

Based on finite-lived intangible assets recorded as of March 31, 2018, and assuming the underlying assets will not be impaired and that we will not change the expected lives of the assets, future amortization expenses were estimated as follows (in thousands):



Year Ending December 31,	Estimated Amortization Expense
2018 (remainder)	$	158,964
2019	211,923
2020	208,917
2021	207,837
2022	207,083
Thereafter	1,805,577
Total	$	2,800,301

7. Certain Balance Sheet Items

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):



	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Build-to-suit facility	$	52,222		$	51,721
Land and buildings	46,857			46,729
Leasehold improvements	29,491			28,779
Construction-in-progress	27,820			21,738
Manufacturing equipment and machinery	24,794			23,586
Computer software	19,391			19,969
Computer equipment	12,481			12,814
Furniture and fixtures	6,739			5,947
Subtotal	219,795			211,283
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(40,875		)	(41,203		)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	178,920		$	170,080

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Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):



	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Rebates and other sales deductions	$	88,878	$	81,368
Estimated loss contingency	57,000		—
Employee compensation and benefits	40,966		54,930
Royalties	7,050		8,058
Selling and marketing accruals	4,546		3,189
Clinical trial accruals	4,053		2,181
Professional fees	3,597		3,213
Inventory-related accruals	3,223		3,002
Sales returns reserve	3,107		3,651
Accrued interest	2,638		7,297
Derivative instrument liabilities	1,120		5,409
Accrued construction-in-progress	838		2,827
Other	23,528		23,654
Total accrued liabilities	$	240,544	$	198,779

8. Debt

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of our indebtedness (in thousands):



	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
2021 Notes	$	575,000		$	575,000
Unamortized discount and debt issuance costs on 2021 Notes	(76,668		)	(81,627		)
2021 Notes, net	498,332			493,373

2024 Notes	575,000			575,000
Unamortized discount and debt issuance costs on 2024 Notes	(153,908		)	(158,680		)
2024 Notes, net	421,092			416,320

Term loan	662,737			671,345
Total debt	1,582,161			1,581,038
Less current portion	45,117			40,605
Total long-term debt	$	1,537,044		$	1,540,433

Exchangeable Senior Notes

The Exchangeable Senior Notes were issued by Jazz Investments I Limited, or the Issuer, a 100%-owned finance subsidiary of Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc. The Exchangeable Senior Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Issuer and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc. No subsidiary of Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc guaranteed the Exchangeable Senior Notes. Subject to certain local law restrictions on payment of dividends, among other things, and potential negative tax consequences, we are not aware of any significant restrictions on the ability of Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc to obtain funds from the Issuer or Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc’s other subsidiaries by dividend or loan, or any legal or economic restrictions on the ability of the Issuer or Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc’s other subsidiaries to transfer funds to Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances. There is no assurance that in the future such restrictions will not be adopted.

As of March 31, 2018, the carrying values of the equity component of the 2021 Notes and the 2024 Notes, net of equity issuance costs, were $126.9 million and $149.8 million, respectively.

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9. Commitments and Contingencies

Indemnification

In the normal course of business, we enter into agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnification, including indemnification associated with product liability or infringement of intellectual property rights. Our exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves future claims that may be made but have not yet been made against us. To date, we have not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to these indemnification obligations.

We have agreed to indemnify our executive officers, directors and certain other employees for losses and costs incurred in connection with certain events or occurrences, including advancing money to cover certain costs, subject to certain limitations. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under the indemnification obligations is unlimited; however, we maintain insurance policies that may limit our exposure and may enable us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. Assuming the applicability of coverage, the willingness of the insurer to assume coverage, and subject to certain retention, loss limits and other policy provisions, we believe the fair value of these indemnification obligations is not significant. Accordingly, we did not recognize any liabilities relating to these obligations as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. No assurances can be given that the covering insurers will not attempt to dispute the validity, applicability, or amount of coverage without expensive litigation against these insurers, in which case we may incur substantial liabilities as a result of these indemnification obligations.

Lease and Other Commitments

Facility Leases. In January 2015, we entered into an agreement to lease office space located in Palo Alto, California in a building subsequently constructed by the landlord. The term of this lease is 12 years from the commencement date as defined in the lease agreement and we have an option to extend the term twice for a period of five years each. We are the deemed owner of the building based on applicable accounting guidance for build-to-suit leases. Accordingly, the landlord’s costs of constructing the building were capitalized on our consolidated balance sheets offset a corresponding financing obligation. We began to occupy this office space in October 2017. As of March 31, 2018, the total amount of the related financing obligation was $64.4 million, which is classified within current liabilities and non-current liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In September 2017, we entered into an agreement to lease office space located in Palo Alto, California in a second building to be constructed by the same landlord. We expect to occupy this office space by the end of 2019. This lease has a term of 12 years from the commencement date as defined in the lease agreement and we have an option to extend the term of the lease twice for a period of 5 years each. We are the deemed owner of the building during the construction period based on applicable accounting guidance for build-to-suit leases. As of March 31, 2018, we recorded project construction costs of $24.8 million incurred by the landlord as construction-in-progress in property, plant and equipment, net and a corresponding financing obligation in other non-current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. We will increase the asset and financing obligation as additional building costs are incurred by the landlord during the construction period.

Operating Leases. We have noncancelable operating leases for our office buildings and we are obligated to make payments under noncancelable operating leases for automobiles used by our sales force.

Other Commitments. As of March 31, 2018, we had $74.4 million of noncancelable purchase commitments due within one year, primarily related to agreements with third party manufacturers.

Legal Proceedings

We are involved in legal proceedings, including the following matters:

Xyrem ANDA Litigation. On December 10, 2012, we received a notice of Paragraph IV Patent Certification, or Paragraph IV Certification, from Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Inc., formerly known as Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC, or Amneal, that it had submitted an ANDA to the FDA requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. On January 18, 2013, we filed a lawsuit against Amneal in the federal district court of New Jersey, or District Court, alleging that our patents covering Xyrem are infringed or will be infringed by Amneal’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Amneal from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe these patents. On November 21, 2013, we received a notice of Paragraph IV Certification from Par Pharmaceutical, Inc., or Par, that it had submitted an ANDA to the FDA requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. On December 27, 2013, we filed a lawsuit against Par in the District Court alleging that our patents covering Xyrem are infringed or will be infringed by Par’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Par from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe these patents.

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In May 2014, the District Court granted a request by Amneal to consolidate its case with the Par case. Additional patents covering Xyrem have been issued since May 2014 and have been listed in the FDA’s publication “Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations,” or the Orange Book, for Xyrem. Amneal and Par gave us additional notices of Paragraph IV Certifications regarding such patents, and we filed additional lawsuits against Amneal and Par in the District Court alleging that our patents covering Xyrem are infringed or will be infringed by Amneal’s and Par’s ANDAs and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Amneal and Par from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe our patents. In August 2016, we and Par stipulated to dismiss claims relating to our patents covering the formulation of Xyrem on the grounds that Par had notified the FDA that it had converted its Paragraph IV Certifications to Paragraph III Patent Certifications, or Paragraph III Certifications. In September 2017, we and Amneal stipulated to dismiss claims relating to certain of our patents covering the formulation of Xyrem on the grounds that Amneal had notified the FDA that it had converted its Paragraph IV Certifications as to these patents to Paragraph III Certifications.

On October 30, 2014, we received a notice of Paragraph IV Certification from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., formerly known as Watson Laboratories, Inc., or Teva, that it had submitted an ANDA to the FDA requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. On December 11, 2014, we filed a lawsuit against Teva in the District Court alleging that our patents covering Xyrem are or will be infringed by Teva’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Teva from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe these patents. In March 2015, Teva moved to dismiss the portion of the case based on our Orange Book-listed REMS patents on the grounds that these patents do not cover patentable subject matter. In November 2015, the District Court administratively terminated this motion to dismiss (without prejudice) pending the outcome of inter partes review, or IPR, proceedings before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, or PTAB, of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office relating to the patents that were the subject of Teva’s motion. Since March 2015, we received an additional notice of Paragraph IV Certification from Teva regarding newly issued patents for Xyrem listed in the Orange Book, and we filed an additional lawsuit against Teva in the District Court alleging that our patents covering Xyrem are or will be infringed by Teva’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Teva from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe these patents.

In April 2015, the District Court issued an order consolidating all then-pending lawsuits against Amneal, Par and Teva into one case.

On July 23, 2015, we received a notice of Paragraph IV Certification from Lupin Inc., or Lupin, that it had submitted an ANDA to the FDA requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. On September 2, 2015, we filed a lawsuit in the District Court alleging that our patents covering Xyrem are or will be infringed by Lupin’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Lupin from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe our patents.

In January, April and June 2016, the District Court issued orders consolidating all of the cases then pending against Amneal, Par, Teva and Lupin into a single case for all purposes. Although no trial date has been set for the consolidated case, discovery is scheduled to conclude in the fourth quarter of 2018, and the trial in this consolidated case could occur as early as later that quarter. As discussed in more detail below, we entered into settlement agreements and related agreements in January 2018 and March 2018 with Par and Teva, respectively; as a result, the remaining parties in the consolidated case are Amneal and Lupin.

On November 21, 2017, we received a notice of Paragraph IV Certification from Mallinckrodt Inc., or Mallinckrodt, that it had submitted an ANDA to the FDA requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. On January 2, 2018, we filed a lawsuit in the District Court alleging that our patents covering Xyrem are or will be infringed by Mallinckrodt’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Mallinckrodt from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe our patents.

We cannot predict whether additional generic manufacturers will file ANDAs and require new patent litigation, the specific timing or outcome of events with respect to the remaining defendants or the impact of developments involving any specific parties or patents on other ongoing proceedings with any ANDA filer.

Xyrem ANDA Litigation Settlements. On January 9, 2018, we entered into a settlement agreement and related agreements resolving our patent infringement litigation against Par in the District Court, as well as related discovery proceedings and certain IPR proceedings currently on appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, or Federal Circuit. On January 19, 2018, the District Court approved an order dismissing the litigation. In connection with the settlement, we granted Par the right to sell a limited volume of an authorized generic version of Xyrem, or the Par AG Product, in the U.S. for a term beginning on July 1, 2023, or earlier under certain circumstances, and ending on December 31, 2025, or the Par AG Sales Period. Such circumstances include events related to acceleration of the launch date of the authorized generic version of Xyrem by the first ANDA filer, West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC), or West-Ward, under the terms of our settlement with West-Ward, the earlier launch of another party’s authorized generic or generic sodium oxybate product, or a final decision that all unexpired claims of the Xyrem patents are not infringed, invalid and/or unenforceable. The volume of the Par AG Product is limited to an annual amount equal to a low single-digit percentage

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of Xyrem sales volume during the calendar year preceding the entry date of the Par AG Product. We also granted Par a non-exclusive license under the Xyrem patents to make, have made and market its own generic sodium oxybate product under Par’s ANDA (assuming FDA approval is obtained) effective December 31, 2025, or earlier under certain circumstances. Such circumstances include events related to launch of a generic sodium oxybate product by West-Ward or another party under its ANDA, or a final decision that all unexpired claims of the Xyrem patents are not infringed, invalid and/or unenforceable. If the Par license to market its own generic sodium oxybate product accelerates, then Par will have the option to elect to market the Par AG Product until December 31, 2025, but Par will not be entitled to market the Par AG Product and its own generic sodium oxybate product simultaneously. We are entitled to receive a meaningful royalty on net sales of the Par AG Product over the Par AG Sales Period, as well as payment for the supply of the Par AG Product and reimbursement for a portion of the services costs associated with the operation of the Xyrem REMS and distribution of the Par AG Product.

On March 30, 2018, we entered into a settlement agreement resolving our patent infringement litigation against Teva in the District Court. On April 5, 2018, the District Court approved an order dismissing the litigation. In connection with the settlement, we granted Teva a license to manufacture, market and sell its own generic sodium oxybate product on or after December 31, 2025, or earlier depending on the occurrence of certain events.

We had previously entered into settlement agreements with four other ANDA filers, including the first filer, West-Ward. The specific terms of all of the settlement agreements are confidential. The settlements do not resolve the consolidated case against Amneal and Lupin, or the case against the most recent ANDA filer, Mallinckrodt, which remain pending.

Xyrem Post-Grant Patent Review Matters. In January 2015, certain of the ANDA filers filed petitions for IPR with respect to the validity of six of our seven patents associated with the Xyrem REMS, or REMS patents. The PTAB instituted IPR trials with respect to certain of these petitions. In July 2016, the PTAB issued final decisions that the claims of the six REMS patents are unpatentable. In March 2016, the PTAB partially instituted an IPR on three claims of a seventh REMS patent, declining to review 25 of 28 claims, and in March 2017, the PTAB issued a final decision that the three claims they reviewed are unpatentable. The July 2016 and March 2017 PTAB decisions are part of a consolidated appeal currently pending before the Federal Circuit. If the Federal Circuit upholds the PTAB decisions on appeal, we will not be able to enforce claims the PTAB found unpatentable. On April 24, 2018, the Supreme Court of the United States issued an opinion holding that the PTAB does not have authority to partially review a patent where an IPR petitioner has asked for review of all of the claims. As a result of that ruling, the Federal Circuit is considering how to adjudicate the appeal of the PTAB’s March 2017 decision. We cannot predict whether additional post-grant patent review challenges will be filed by any of the ANDA filers or any other entity, the outcome of any future IPR or other proceeding, the outcome of the appeal of the July 2016 and March 2017 PTAB decisions with respect to the REMS patents or the impact any IPR or other proceeding might have on ongoing ANDA litigation proceedings or other aspects of our Xyrem business.

From time to time we are involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe there is no other litigation pending that could have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Other Contingencies

In May and October 2016 and in February 2017, we received subpoenas from the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Massachusetts requesting documents related to our support of 501(c)(3) organizations that provide financial assistance to Medicare patients, and, for Xyrem, documents concerning the provision of financial assistance to Medicare patients. Other companies have disclosed similar subpoenas and continuing inquiries. We have a comprehensive program intended to ensure our compliance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements for pharmaceutical companies, including guidelines established by the Office of Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regarding patient assistance programs, and we have been cooperating with the government’s investigation. We have engaged in discussions with the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, about a possible resolution, and in April 2018, we reached an agreement in principle with the DOJ on a proposal for a civil settlement of potential claims by the DOJ in the amount of $57.0 million, subject to accrual of interest on the settlement amount from the date of the agreement in principle, negotiation of a definitive settlement agreement and other contingencies. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we recorded $57.0 million related to this matter within accrued liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheet with the related expense included in selling, general and administrative expenses on our condensed consolidated statement of income. Material issues remain subject to further negotiation and approval by us and the DOJ before the proposed settlement can be finalized. We cannot provide assurances that our efforts to reach a final settlement with the DOJ will be successful or, if they are, the timing or final terms of any such settlement. Any such settlement could also involve entry into a corporate integrity agreement, which would impose costs and burdens on the operation of our business. If we do not reach a final settlement, the outcome of this investigation could include an enforcement action against us. If the federal government were to file an enforcement action against us as a result of the investigation and could establish the elements of a violation of relevant laws, we could be subject to damages, fines

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and penalties, which could be substantial, along with other criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, and we would expect to incur significant costs in connection with such enforcement action, regardless of the outcome.

10. Shareholders’ Equity

The following tables present a reconciliation of our beginning and ending balances in shareholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Total Shareholders' Equity
Shareholders' equity at January 1, 2018	$	2,713,097
Effect of adoption of new accounting standards	(298		)
Issuance of ordinary shares in conjunction with employee equity incentive and purchase plans	10,588
Employee withholding taxes related to share-based awards	(14,594		)
Share-based compensation	24,276
Shares repurchased	(34,546		)
Other comprehensive income	42,057
Net income	45,991
Shareholders' equity at March 31, 2018	$	2,786,571



	Total Shareholders' Equity
Shareholders' equity at January 1, 2017	$	1,877,339
Issuance of ordinary shares in conjunction with employee equity incentive and purchase plans	5,676
Employee withholding taxes related to share-based awards	(14,431		)
Share-based compensation	25,297
Shares repurchased	(13,896		)
Other comprehensive income	17,490
Net income	86,511
Shareholders' equity at March 31, 2017	$	1,983,986

Share Repurchase Program

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):



	Net Unrealized Gain From Hedging Activities		Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments			Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	1,482	$	(142,360	)	$	(140,878	)
Effect of adoption of ASU No. 2017-12	53		—			53
Balance at January 1, 2018	1,535		(142,360		)	(140,825		)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	3,037		38,853			41,890
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	167		—			167
Other comprehensive income, net	3,204		38,853			42,057
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	4,739	$	(103,507	)	$	(98,768	)

During the three months ended March 31, 2018, other comprehensive income reflects foreign currency translation adjustments, primarily due to the strengthening of the euro against the U.S. dollar, and the net unrealized gain on derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges.

11. Net Income per Ordinary Share

Basic net income per ordinary share is based on the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding. Diluted net income per ordinary share is based on the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding and potentially dilutive ordinary shares outstanding.

Basic and diluted net income per ordinary share were computed as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Numerator:
Net income	$	45,991	$	86,511
Denominator:
Weighted-average ordinary shares used in per share calculations - basic	59,928		59,880
Dilutive effect of employee equity incentive and purchase plans	1,250		1,298
Weighted-average ordinary shares used in per share calculations - diluted	61,178		61,178

Net income per ordinary share:
Basic	$	0.77	$	1.44
Diluted	$	0.75	$	1.41

Potentially dilutive ordinary shares from our employee equity incentive and purchase plans and the Exchangeable Senior Notes are determined by applying the treasury stock method to the assumed exercise of share options, the assumed vesting of outstanding restricted stock units, or RSUs, the assumed issuance of ordinary shares under our employee stock purchase plan, or ESPP, and the assumed issuance of ordinary shares upon exchange of the Exchangeable Senior Notes. The potential issue of ordinary shares issuable upon exchange of the Exchangeable Senior Notes had no effect on diluted net income per ordinary share because the average price of our ordinary shares for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 did not exceed the effective exchange prices per ordinary share of the Exchangeable Senior Notes.

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The following table represents the weighted-average ordinary shares that were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per ordinary share for the periods presented because including them would have an anti-dilutive effect (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018	2017
Exchangeable Senior Notes	5,504	2,878
Options to purchase ordinary shares and RSUs	3,279	3,406
Ordinary shares under ESPP	26	—

12. Revenues

The following table presents a summary of total revenues (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Xyrem	$	316,777	$	272,326
Erwinaze/Erwinase	50,627		51,388
Defitelio/defibrotide	35,061		35,900
Vyxeos	26,228		—
Prialt^® (ziconotide) intrathecal infusion	6,126		7,717
Other	6,028		6,347
Product sales, net	440,847		373,678
Royalties and contract revenues	3,766		2,375
Total revenues	$	444,613	$	376,053

The following table presents a summary of total revenues attributed to geographic sources (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
United States	$	405,687	$	339,183
Europe	28,331		31,352
All other	10,595		5,518
Total revenues	$	444,613	$	376,053

The following table presents a summary of the percentage of total revenues from customers that represented more than 10% of our total revenues:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Express Scripts	71	%	72	%
McKesson	20	%	17	%

Contract Liabilities - Deferred Revenue

The deferred revenue balance as of March 31, 2018 primarily related to deferred upfront fees received from Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., or Nippon, in connection with two license, development and commercialization agreements granting Nippon exclusive rights to develop and commercialize each of Defitelio and Vyxeos in Japan. We recognized contract revenues of $1.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018 relating to these upfront payments. The deferred revenue balances are being recognized over an average of four years representing the period we expect to perform our research and developments obligations under each agreement.

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The following table presents a reconciliation of our beginning and ending balances in contract liabilities from contracts with customers for the three months ended March 31, 2018 (in thousands):



	Contract Liabilities
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	24,733
Effect of adoption of ASU 2014-09	(2,240		)
Amount recognized within royalties and contract revenues	(1,875		)
Balance as of March 31, 2018	$	20,618

13. Share-Based Compensation

Share-based compensation expense related to share options, RSUs and grants under our ESPP was as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Selling, general and administrative	$	18,234		$	19,805
Research and development	4,375			4,142
Cost of product sales	1,694			1,246
Total share-based compensation expense, pre-tax	24,303			25,193
Income tax benefit from share-based compensation expense	(3,668		)	(7,624		)
Total share-based compensation expense, net of tax	$	20,635		$	17,569

Share Options

The table below shows the number of shares underlying options granted to purchase our ordinary shares, the weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the resulting weighted-average grant date fair value of share options granted:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Shares underlying options granted (in thousands)	1,152			1,171
Grant date fair value	$	46.08		$	42.19
Black-Scholes option pricing model assumption information:
Volatility	35		%	35		%
Expected term (years)	4.5			4.3
Range of risk-free rates	2.2-2.5%			1.7-1.8%
Expected dividend yield	—		%	—		%

Restricted Stock Units

The table below shows the number of RSUs granted covering an equal number of our ordinary shares and the weighted-average grant date fair value of RSUs granted:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
RSUs granted (in thousands)	461		468
Grant date fair value	$	140.60	$	135.46

The fair value of RSUs is determined on the date of grant based on the market price of our ordinary shares on that date. The fair value of RSUs is expensed ratably over the vesting period, generally over four years.

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As of March 31, 2018, compensation cost not yet recognized related to unvested share options and RSUs was $101.6 million and $121.5 million, respectively, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.9 years and 3.0 years, respectively.

14. Income Taxes

Our income tax provision was $19.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to $29.2 million for the same period in 2017. The effective tax rate was 29.2% in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to 25.2% for the same period in 2017. The increase in the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 was primarily due to the impact of the accrued estimated loss contingency and a decrease in originating tax credits, partially offset by a decrease in the U.S. corporate income tax. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was higher than the Irish statutory rate of 12.5% primarily due to various expenses not deductible for income tax purposes, income taxable at a rate higher than the Irish statutory rate and unrecognized tax benefits. We do not provide for Irish income taxes on undistributed earnings of our foreign operations that are intended to be indefinitely reinvested in our foreign subsidiaries.

Our net deferred tax liability primarily arose due to the acquisition of Celator Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The balance is net of deferred tax assets which are comprised primarily of U.S. federal and state tax credits, U.S. federal and state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards and other temporary differences. We maintain a valuation allowance against certain foreign and U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. Each reporting period, we evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets by jurisdiction and adjust our estimates as more information becomes available.

We are required to recognize the financial statement effects of a tax position when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. As a result, we have recorded an unrecognized tax benefit for certain tax benefits which we judge may not be sustained upon examination. Our most significant tax jurisdictions are Ireland, the U.S. (both at the federal level and in various state jurisdictions), Italy and France. These jurisdictions have statute of limitations ranging from three to five years. However, in the U.S. (at the federal level and in most states), carryforward tax attributes that were generated in 2013 and earlier may still be adjusted upon examination by the tax authorities. Certain of our subsidiaries are currently under examination by the French tax authorities for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013. These examinations may lead to ordinary course adjustments or proposed adjustments to our taxes. In December 2015, we received proposed tax assessment notices from the French tax authorities for 2012 and 2013 relating to certain transfer pricing adjustments. The notices propose additional French tax of approximately $47 million, including interest and penalties through the date of the assessment, translated at the foreign exchange rate at March 31, 2018. We disagree with the proposed assessment and intend to contest it vigorously.

For the three months ended March 31, 2018, we have not recorded any measurement period adjustments to the provisional estimates recorded as of December 31, 2017 in accordance with the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, or SAB 118. We will continue to analyze the impact of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act under SAB 118 and will record adjustments to provisional amounts as our analyses are refined.

15. Subsequent Event

On April 30, 2018, we entered into an agreement with Spark Therapeutics, Inc., or Spark, to purchase a rare pediatric disease priority review voucher, or PRV, from Spark. In consideration for the PRV, we will pay Spark $110.0 million upon closing of the transaction, which is subject to customary closing conditions, including expiration or termination of the applicable waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976. As we may use the PRV to obtain priority review by the FDA for one of our future regulatory submissions or may sell or transfer the PRV to a third party, we will capitalize the acquisition cost within intangible assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheet upon closing of the transaction.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. When reviewing the discussion below, you should keep in mind the substantial risks and uncertainties that could impact our business. In particular, we encourage you to review the risks and uncertainties described in “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in forward-looking statements contained in this report or implied by past results and trends. Forward-looking statements are statements that attempt to forecast or anticipate future developments in our business, financial condition or results of operations. See the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” that appears at the end of this discussion. These statements, like all statements in this report, speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (unless another date is indicated), and we undertake no obligation to update or revise these statements in light of future developments.

Overview

We have a diverse portfolio of products and product candidates, with a focus in the areas of sleep and hematology/oncology. Our lead marketed products are:


•	Xyrem^® (sodium oxybate) oral solution, the only product approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and marketed in the U.S. for the treatment of both cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness, or EDS, in patients with narcolepsy;


•	Erwinaze^® (asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi), a treatment approved in the U.S. and in certain markets in Europe (where it is marketed as Erwinase^®) for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or ALL, who have developed hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase;

•

Defitelio^®(defibrotide sodium), a product approved in the U.S. for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with hepatic veno-occlusive disease, or VOD, also known as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, or SOS, with renal or pulmonary dysfunction following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or HSCT, and in Europe (where it is marketed as Defitelio^®(defibrotide)) for the treatment of severe VOD in adults and children undergoing HSCT therapy; and


•	Vyxeos^®(daunorubicin and cytarabine) liposome for injection, a product approved in the U.S. for the treatment of adults with newly-diagnosed therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia, or t-AML, or acute myeloid leukemia, or AML, with myelodysplasia-related changes, or AML-MRC.

Our strategy is to create shareholder value by:


•	Growing sales of the existing products in our portfolio, including by identifying and investing in growth opportunities such as new treatment indications and new geographic markets;


•	Acquiring or licensing rights to clinically meaningful and differentiated products on the market or product candidates at various stages of development; and


•	Pursuing targeted development of post-discovery differentiated product candidates.

We apply a disciplined approach to allocating our resources between investments in our current commercial and development portfolio and acquisitions or in-licensing of new assets.

In the three months ended March 31, 2018, our total net product sales increased by 18% compared to the same period in 2017, primarily due to an increase in Xyrem net product sales and net product sales of Vyxeos, which launched in the U.S. in August 2017. We expect total net product sales to increase in 2018 over 2017, primarily due to expected growth in sales of Xyrem, Vyxeos and Defitelio. Our ability to increase net product sales is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties as set forth below and under “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. For additional information regarding our net product sales, see “—Results of Operations.”

Significant Developments Affecting Our Business

In February 2018, we announced that the National Comprehensive Cancer Network added Vyxeos to the Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for AML.

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In February 2018, we enrolled the first patient in a Phase 2 proof of concept trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of defibrotide for the prevention of acute Graft versus Host Disease, or aGvHD, in patients following allogeneic HSCT.

In March 2018, the FDA accepted for filing with a standard review our new drug application, or NDA, seeking marketing approval for solriamfetol, an investigational medicine for the treatment of excessive sleepiness, or ES, in adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea, or OSA, or narcolepsy. The FDA has set a target action date under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, of December 20, 2018.

In April 2018, we reached an agreement in principle with the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, on a proposal for a civil settlement of potential claims by the DOJ in the amount of $57.0 million, subject to accrual of interest on the settlement amount from the date of the agreement in principle, negotiation of a definitive settlement agreement and other contingencies. For more information, see Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Proceedings of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and “— Other Challenges and Risks.”

In April 2018, we entered into an agreement with Spark Therapeutics, Inc., or Spark, to purchase a rare pediatric disease priority review voucher, or PRV, which we may use to obtain priority review by the FDA for one of our future regulatory submissions. In consideration for the PRV, we will pay Spark $110.0 million upon closing of the transaction, which is subject to customary closing conditions, including expiration or termination of the applicable waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, or HSR Act.

In April 2018, we submitted a supplemental new drug application, or sNDA, to the FDA seeking revised labeling for Xyrem to include an indication to treat cataplexy and EDS in pediatric narcolepsy patients, along with a pediatric written request report.

Continued Emphasis on Research and Development

During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we continued our focus on research and development activities, which currently include clinical development of new product candidates, activities related to line extensions and new indications for existing products and the generation of additional clinical data for existing products, all in our sleep and hematology/oncology therapeutic areas.

A summary of our ongoing development activities is provided below:



Project	Disease Area	Status
Sleep
Solriamfetol (JZP-110)	ES in OSA	NDA accepted for filing in first quarter of 2018 with a target action date under PDUFA of December 20, 2018; preparing to submit a marketing authorization application, or MAA, to the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, in late 2018
Solriamfetol (JZP-110)	ES in narcolepsy	NDA accepted for filing in first quarter of 2018 with a target action date under PDUFA of December 20, 2018; preparing to submit an MAA to the EMA in late 2018
Solriamfetol (JZP-110)	ES in Parkinson’s disease	First patient enrolled in Phase 2 trial in first quarter of 2017; targeting completion of enrollment by late 2018
Xyrem (sodium oxybate)	EDS and cataplexy in pediatric narcolepsy patients with cataplexy	sNDA and pediatric written request report submitted to the FDA in the second quarter of 2018
JZP-507 (oxybate; 50% sodium reduction)	EDS and cataplexy in narcolepsy	NDA submission under evaluation
JZP-258 (oxybate; 90% sodium reduction)	EDS and cataplexy in narcolepsy	First patient enrolled in Phase 3 trial in first quarter of 2017; expect to complete enrollment in fourth quarter of 2018; subject to results of trial, expect to submit an NDA to the FDA in 2019
JZP-258	Idiopathic hypersomnia, or IH	Expect to initiate Phase 3 trial in second half of 2018
Oxybate once-nightly dosing	Narcolepsy	Program progressing; evaluation of deuterated oxybate and other formulation options continues as part of once-nightly development process

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Project	Disease Area	Status
Hematology/Oncology
Vyxeos	High-risk AML	Submitted an MAA to the EMA in fourth quarter of 2017; request for accelerated assessment accepted
Vyxeos	Myelodysplastic syndrome, or MDS	Preparing for Phase 2 trial with cooperative group with planned initiation in second half of 2018
Defibrotide	Prevention of VOD in high-risk patients following HSCT	First patient enrolled in Phase 3 trial in first quarter of 2017
Defibrotide	Prevention of aGvHD following allogeneic HSCT	First patient enrolled in Phase 2 proof of concept trial in first quarter of 2018
Defibrotide	Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy, or TA-TMA	Expect to activate sites in pivotal Phase 2 trial in fourth quarter of 2018
Asparaginase	ALL and other hematological malignancies	Activities related to development of improved products, including a recombinant crisantaspase
CombiPlex combinations	Oncology/hematological disorders	Pre-clinical evaluation of oncology therapeutic combinations

In addition, we are engaged in a number of licensing and collaboration agreements, including with:


•	ImmunoGen, Inc. for opt-in rights to license two early-stage, hematology-related antibody-drug conjugate, or ADC, product candidates, one of which has been granted orphan drug designation by the FDA, as well as an additional ADC product candidate;


•	Pfenex, Inc. for rights to multiple early-stage hematology product candidates and an option to negotiate a license for a recombinant pegaspargase product candidate; and


•	XL-protein GmbH, or XLp, for rights to use XLp’s PASylation^® technology to extend the plasma half-life of selected asparaginase product candidates.

For 2018 and beyond, we expect that our research and development expenses will continue to increase from historical levels, particularly as we prepare for a number of anticipated regulatory submissions, initiate and undertake additional clinical trials and related development work and potentially acquire rights to additional product candidates. Our ability to continue to undertake our planned development activities, as well as the success of these activities, are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including the risk factors under the headings “Risks Related to Our Business” and “Risks Related to Our Industry” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Challenges, Risks and Trends Related to Our Lead Marketed Products and Product Candidates Submitted for Regulatory Approval

Xyrem. Xyrem is our largest selling product, and our financial results are significantly influenced by sales of Xyrem, which accounted for 72% of our net product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 74% of our net product sales for the year ended December 31, 2017. As a result, we continue to place a high priority on seeking to increase sales of Xyrem in its approved indications, while remaining focused on ensuring the safe and effective use of the product. We also focus on enhancing and enforcing our intellectual property rights related to Xyrem, and on product development efforts to develop product, service and safety improvements for patients.

Our future plans assume that sales of Xyrem will increase, but we cannot assure you that we can maintain sales of Xyrem at or near current levels, or that Xyrem sales will continue to grow. We have periodically increased the price of Xyrem, most recently in January 2018, and we cannot assure you that price adjustments we have taken or may take in the future will not negatively affect Xyrem sales volumes.

Our ability to maintain or increase Xyrem product sales is subject to risks and uncertainties, including those discussed in “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including those related to:


•	the potential U.S. introduction of a generic version of Xyrem before the entry dates specified in our settlements with certain abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, filers or on terms that are different from those contemplated by the settlement agreements, as further described below;


•	the potential U.S. introduction of new products that compete with, or otherwise disrupt the market for, Xyrem in the treatment of cataplexy and/or EDS in narcolepsy;

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•	changes to or uncertainties around regulatory restrictions, including, among other things, changes to our Xyrem risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, as further described below;


•	challenges and potential challenges to our intellectual property around Xyrem, including uncertainty in ongoing ANDA litigation or the possibility of new ANDA filers and challenges;


•	any increase in pricing pressure from, changes in policies by, or restrictions on reimbursement imposed by, third party payors;


•	changes in healthcare laws and policy, including changes in requirements for patient assistance programs, rebates, reimbursement and coverage by federal healthcare programs, and changes resulting from increased scrutiny on pharmaceutical pricing and REMS programs by government entities;


•	operational disruptions at the Xyrem central pharmacy or any failure to comply with our REMS obligations to the satisfaction of the FDA;


•	any supply or manufacturing problems, including any problems with our sole source Xyrem active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, provider;


•	continued acceptance of Xyrem by physicians and patients, including as a result of negative publicity that surfaces from time to time;


•	changes to our label, including new safety warnings or changes to our boxed warning, that further restrict how we market and sell Xyrem; and


•	our U.S.-based API and Xyrem suppliers’ ability to obtain sufficient quotas from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, to satisfy our needs for Xyrem.

Although Xyrem is protected by patents covering its manufacture, formulation, distribution system and method of use, nine companies have filed ANDAs with the FDA seeking approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. We filed patent lawsuits against each of the ANDA filers in the federal district court of New Jersey, or District Court, asserting that such generic products would violate our patents covering Xyrem. We have settled lawsuits against six of the ANDA filers. In our settlement with the first filer, West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC), or West-Ward, we granted West-Ward the right to sell an authorized generic version of Xyrem, or AG Product, beginning on January 1, 2023, or earlier under certain circumstances, including circumstances related to the licensing or market entry of another generic sodium oxybate product, a final decision that all unexpired claims of the Xyrem patents are invalid and/or unenforceable, or a substantial reduction in Xyrem net sales over specified periods of time. We also granted West-Ward a license to launch its own generic sodium oxybate product as early as six months after it has the right to sell the AG Product, unless it elects to continue to sell the AG Product, which it may do for up to a total of five years. In our settlement with Par Pharmaceutical, Inc., or Par, we granted Par the right to sell a limited volume of an AG Product beginning on July 1, 2023, or earlier under certain circumstances, including acceleration of West-Ward’s AG Product launch date. We also granted Par a license to launch its own generic sodium oxybate product on or after December 31, 2025, or earlier under certain circumstances, including circumstances related to the launch of a generic sodium oxybate product by West-Ward or another company under its ANDA. We have also settled all lawsuits with four of the other ANDA filers, granting each of them a license to launch its own generic sodium oxybate product on or after December 31, 2025, or earlier under certain circumstances, including the launch by West-Ward or another company of a generic sodium oxybate product under its ANDA.

Patent lawsuits against two of the remaining non-settling ANDA filers have been consolidated as one case and remain pending. Although no trial date has been set, discovery is scheduled to conclude in the fourth quarter of 2018, and the trial in this consolidated case could occur as early as later that quarter. The most recent ANDA was filed in November 2017, and we filed a patent lawsuit against that filer in the District Court in January 2018. We cannot predict the timing or outcome of the ANDA litigation proceedings against the remaining non-settling ANDA filers. We do not know whether additional ANDAs have been or will be filed.

In July 2016, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, or PTAB, issued final decisions that the claims of six patents associated with the Xyrem REMS are unpatentable. In March 2017, the PTAB issued a final decision that three claims of a seventh Xyrem patent associated with the Xyrem REMS are unpatentable. Those PTAB decisions are currently on appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, or Federal Circuit. If the Federal Circuit upholds the PTAB decisions on appeal, we will not be able to enforce claims the PTAB found unpatentable. On April 24, 2018, the Supreme Court of the United States issued an opinion holding that the PTAB does not have authority to partially review a patent where an inter partes review petitioner has asked for review of all of the claims. As a result of that ruling, the Federal Circuit is considering how to adjudicate the appeal of the PTAB’s March 2017 decision.

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For a further description of these legal proceedings and certain of the settlement agreements relating to Xyrem, see Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Proceedings of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The actual timing of any commercial launch of an AG Product or a generic sodium oxybate product is uncertain. We do not believe a launch by an ANDA filer is likely to occur prior to either a date agreed in a settlement agreement between us and such ANDA filer or a final decision in patent litigation. However, notwithstanding our patents and the terms of settlement agreements licensing those patents as of future dates, it is possible that any non-settling company that obtains and maintains FDA approval of an ANDA for a generic version of Xyrem or an NDA for another sodium oxybate product could introduce such product before our patents expire or before the entry dates specified in our settlement agreements, including if it is determined that our patents are invalid or unenforceable, if such company obtains a final judicial determination that its products do not infringe our patents, or if such company decides, before applicable patent litigation is concluded, to launch a sodium oxybate product at risk of being held liable for damages for patent infringement. In addition, even if we prevail in litigation at trial or on appeal, we cannot guarantee that a court will grant an injunction that prevents a defendant from marketing a product that infringes our patents. Instead the court may order a party that is found to infringe to pay damages, which could be significant. If a non-settling company launches a product in any of these scenarios, it could accelerate the launch dates for the AG Products and generic sodium oxybate products under our settlements agreements, depending on the circumstances.

In addition, Xyrem could also be subject to potential future competition from other products. Companies could develop and launch sodium oxybate or other products that are similar, but not identical, to Xyrem, such as an alternative formulation or an alternative delivery technology. For example, Avadel Pharmaceuticals plc, or Avadel, is using its proprietary technology for delivery of a sodium oxybate formulation to eliminate second nighttime dosing for narcolepsy patients. Avadel has stated that it is conducting a Phase 3 pivotal trial pursuant to an FDA-approved special protocol assessment, and has indicated that it intends to seek approval of its product candidate using a Section 505(b)(2) NDA approval pathway referencing Xyrem. We are also aware of products being developed by others for use as treatment options in cataplexy and/or EDS in patients with narcolepsy that have different safety profiles and mechanisms of action than Xyrem, including a product to treat adult patients with narcolepsy with or without cataplexy that received marketing approval in Europe in 2016. While this product is currently not approved by the FDA for marketing in the U.S., the company that has exclusive U.S. commercialization rights to this product recently established an expanded access program for the product and has stated that it expects to submit an NDA to the FDA for the treatment of narcolepsy in adult patients during the first half of 2018. If any company successfully develops, obtains FDA approval of and launches a product that is approved in the U.S. for the treatment of narcolepsy patients, it could result in a substantial reduction of Xyrem sales, which could have the additional impact of potentially triggering acceleration of market entry of AG Products or other generic sodium oxybate products under our ANDA litigation settlement agreements, as described elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We expect that the launch of an AG Product or a generic version of Xyrem, or the approval and launch of other products that compete with Xyrem, could have a material adverse effect on our sales of Xyrem and on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

In February 2015, the FDA approved the current Xyrem REMS, which requires, among other things, that Xyrem be distributed through a single pharmacy. In the FDA’s letter approving the Xyrem REMS, the FDA stated that (i) the approval action should not be construed or understood as agreement with what the FDA stated was our position that dispensing through a single pharmacy is the only way to ensure that the benefits of Xyrem outweigh its risks, and that the FDA has continuing concerns that limiting the distribution of Xyrem to one pharmacy imposes burdens on patient access and the healthcare delivery system, and (ii) as with all REMS, the FDA intends to evaluate the Xyrem REMS on an ongoing basis and will require modifications as may be appropriate. We cannot predict whether the FDA will request, seek to require or ultimately require modifications to, or impose additional requirements on, the Xyrem REMS, including in connection with the submission of applications for new oxybate indications or products, or whether FDA will permit modifications to the Xyrem REMS that we consider warranted in connection with the submission of applications for new oxybate indications or products. Any such modifications required or rejected by the FDA could make it more difficult or expensive for us to distribute Xyrem, make distribution easier for sodium oxybate competitors, impair the safety profile of Xyrem, disrupt continuity of care for Xyrem patients and/or negatively affect sales of Xyrem.

In January 2017, the FDA announced approval of West-Ward’s ANDA and waived the shared REMS requirement, permitting West-Ward to use a separate REMS program from the Xyrem REMS, or the generic sodium oxybate REMS, on the condition that the generic sodium oxybate REMS be open to all future sponsors of ANDAs or NDAs for sodium oxybate products. This could potentially include future sodium oxybate products approved under a Section 505(b)(2) approval pathway. We cannot predict whether a company marketing a sodium oxybate product approved under Section 505(b)(2) would be required or permitted to distribute its product through the generic sodium oxybate REMS or a separate REMS.

We were not involved in the development of the generic sodium oxybate REMS and were not consulted regarding any features of this REMS. A sodium oxybate distribution system that is less restrictive than the Xyrem REMS, such as the generic sodium oxybate REMS, which provides that generic sodium oxybate products could be distributed through multiple

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pharmacies, could increase the risks associated with sodium oxybate distribution. Any negative outcomes, including risks to the public, caused by or otherwise related to a separate sodium oxybate REMS, could have a significant negative impact in terms of product liability, public acceptance of Xyrem as a treatment for EDS and cataplexy in narcolepsy, and prescribers’ willingness to prescribe, and patients’ willingness to take, Xyrem, as patients, consumers and others may not differentiate generic sodium oxybate from Xyrem or differentiate between the different REMS programs, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our Xyrem business.

For further discussion regarding the risks associated with Xyrem, see the risk factors under the headings “Risks Related to Xyrem and the Significant Impact of Xyrem Sales,” “We face substantial competition from other companies, including companies with greater resources, including larger sales organizations and more experience working with large and diverse product portfolios, than we have” and “Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Erwinaze/Erwinase. Sales of our second largest product, Erwinaze/Erwinase (which we refer to in this report as Erwinaze unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires), accounted for 11% of our net product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 12% for the year ended December 31, 2017. A significant challenge to our ability to maintain current sales levels and to increase sales is our extremely limited inventory of Erwinaze, past and continuing supply disruptions and our need to minimize or avoid additional supply disruptions due to capacity constraints, production delays, quality or regulatory challenges and other manufacturing difficulties. Erwinaze is licensed from and manufactured by a single source, Porton Biopharma Limited, or PBL.

In January 2017, the FDA issued a warning letter to PBL indicating that it was not satisfied with PBL’s responses to the FDA Form 483 issued to PBL in March 2016 and citing significant violations of the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, for finished pharmaceuticals and significant deviations from cGMP for APIs. In March 2017, PBL filed a response to the warning letter with the FDA. PBL continues to address the issues identified by the FDA in the warning letter. Following a site inspection of PBL by the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, or MHRA, in December 2017, MHRA issued an inspection report listing several major findings, including major deficiencies and failures by PBL to comply with cGMP. In January 2018, PBL filed a response to the report with the MHRA. We cannot predict if or when PBL will correct the violations and deviations to the satisfaction of the FDA and MHRA or whether the FDA and MHRA will be satisfied with PBL’s responses. Any failure by PBL to respond to the satisfaction of the FDA or MHRA could result in enforcement actions by the FDA or MHRA, including the FDA refusing admission of Erwinaze into the U.S. Any of these actions could have a material adverse effect on our sales of, and revenues from, Erwinaze and limit our future maintenance and potential growth of the market for this product.

Moreover, the current manufacturing capacity for Erwinaze is completely absorbed by demand for the product. As a consequence of constrained manufacturing capacity, we have had an extremely limited or no ability to build product inventory levels that can be used to absorb supply disruptions resulting from quality, regulatory or other issues. We have experienced product quality, manufacturing and inventory challenges that have resulted, and may continue to result from time to time, in disruptions in our ability to supply certain markets and have caused, and may in the future cause, us to implement batch-specific, modified product use instructions. Most recently, we have been experiencing temporary supply disruptions in the second quarter of 2018 in the U.S. and other countries. We cannot predict whether the required remediation activities in connection with the FDA warning letter or the MHRA report will further strain manufacturing capacity and adversely affect Erwinaze supply. As capacity constraints and supply disruptions continue, whether as a result of continued quality, manufacturing or regulatory issues or otherwise, we will be unable to build a desired excess level of product inventory, our ability to supply the market may continue to be compromised and physicians’ decisions to use Erwinaze have been, and in the future may continue to be, negatively impacted. If we fail to obtain a sufficient supply of Erwinaze, our sales of and revenues from Erwinaze, our future maintenance and potential growth of the market for this product, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, our agreement with PBL, including our license, expires in December 2020, subject to five-year extensions unless terminated by either party in writing by December 2018. We cannot predict whether the term of the agreement will be extended or, if extended, the terms of any such extension.

Our ability to successfully maintain sales of Erwinaze is subject to a number of other challenges, including the development of new asparaginase treatments or treatment protocols and potential competition from future biosimilar products.

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For further discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties associated with Erwinaze, see the risk factors set forth in “Risk Factors in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Defitelio/defibrotide. Sales of Defitelio/defibrotide were 8% of our net product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and for the year ended December 31, 2017. We seek to increase sales of Defitelio through sales and marketing activities. However, our ability to maintain and grow sales and to realize the anticipated benefits from our investment in Defitelio is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including continued acceptance by hospital pharmacy and therapeutics committees in the U.S., the continued availability of favorable pricing and adequate coverage and reimbursement, the limited experience of, and need to educate, physicians in recognizing, diagnosing and treating VOD, and the limited size of the population of VOD patients who are indicated for treatment with Defitelio. If sales of Defitelio do not reach the levels we expect, our anticipated revenue from the product will be negatively affected and our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially adversely affected.

For further discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties associated with Defitelio, see the risk factors set forth in “Risks Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Vyxeos. We made a significant investment in Vyxeos through the acquisition of Celator Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or the Celator Acquisition. In August 2017, the FDA approved our NDA for Vyxeos for the treatment of adults with newly-diagnosed t-AML or AML-MRC. We launched and began shipping Vyxeos in the U.S. in August 2017, and our commercial launch in the U.S. is still at an early stage. Sales of Vyxeos were 6% of our net product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2% of our net product sales for the year ended December 31, 2017. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we submitted an MAA for Vyxeos in the European Union, or EU, for the treatment of t-AML or AML-MRC. We expect to launch Vyxeos, if approved, in the EU on a rolling basis shortly following approval, which could occur as early as mid-2018. We cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain approval in the EU in a timely manner, or at all.

Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from our investment in Vyxeos is subject to a number of additional risks and uncertainties, including potential delays or problems in the supply or manufacture of Vyxeos, acceptance by hospital pharmacy and therapeutics committees in the U.S., the availability of adequate coverage, pricing and reimbursement approvals and potential competition from products in development. If sales of Vyxeos do not reach the levels we expect, or we are unable to obtain regulatory approval for Vyxeos in the EU in a timely manner, or at all, our anticipated revenue from the product will be negatively affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. For further discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties associated with Vyxeos, see the risk factors set forth in “Risks Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Solriamfetol. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we submitted an NDA to the FDA to seek approval for solriamfetol in the treatment of ES associated with OSA and narcolepsy. In the first quarter of 2018, the FDA accepted the NDA for filing with a standard review. The FDA has set a target action date under PDUFA of December 20, 2018. We cannot predict whether our NDA will be approved by the FDA in a timely manner, or at all. Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from an approved solriamfetol product and our investment in solriamfetol is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including, among other things, the outcome of DEA scheduling review, which will need to be completed after NDA approval, if any, but before commercial launch, market acceptance for an approved solriamfetol product, potential competition from other products in development and the availability of adequate pricing, coverage and reimbursement by government programs and third party payors. For further discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties associated with solriamfetol, see the risk factors set forth in “Risks Factors” Part II, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-Q.

Other Challenges and Risks

We anticipate that we will continue to face a number of other challenges and risks to our business and our ability to execute our strategy in 2018 and beyond. Some of these challenges and risks are specific to our business, and others are common to companies in the pharmaceutical industry with development and commercial operations.

Drug pricing by pharmaceutical companies is currently, and is expected to continue to be, under close scrutiny, including with respect to companies that have increased the price of products after acquiring those products from other companies. Several states have recently passed laws aimed at increasing transparency relating to drug pricing, and other states may do so in the future. Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate have conducted several hearings with respect to pharmaceutical drug pricing practices, including in connection with the investigation of specific price increases by several pharmaceutical companies. Moreover, REMS and the improper use of REMS as a means of improperly blocking or delaying competition for branded pharmaceutical products has increasingly drawn public scrutiny from Congress, the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, and the FDA. Congress, for example, has introduced proposed legislation aimed at preventing companies from using REMS and other restricted distribution programs as a means to deny potential competitors access to product samples needed for bioequivalence testing. The FDA has stated that it will seek to coordinate with the FTC in identifying and publicizing practices the FTC finds to be anticompetitive and has further stated that the FDA has concerns

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related to the role of REMS programs in delaying approval of generic products. If we become the subject of any government investigation with respect to our drug pricing or other business practices, including as they relate to the Xyrem REMS, we could incur significant expense and could be distracted from operation of our business and execution of our strategy.

In May and October 2016 and in February 2017, we received subpoenas from the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Massachusetts requesting documents related to our support of 501(c)(3) organizations that provide financial assistance to Medicare patients and documents concerning the provision of financial assistance to Medicare patients taking drugs sold by us. Other companies have disclosed similar subpoenas and continuing inquiries. We have a comprehensive program intended to ensure our compliance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements for pharmaceutical companies, including guidelines established by the Office of Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regarding patient assistance programs, and we have been cooperating with the government’s investigation. We have engaged in discussions with the DOJ about a possible resolution, and in April 2018, we reached an agreement in principle with the DOJ on a proposal for a civil settlement of potential claims by the DOJ in the amount of $57.0 million, subject to accrual of interest on the settlement amount from the date of the agreement in principle, negotiation of a definitive settlement agreement and other contingencies. We cannot provide assurances that our efforts to reach a final settlement with the DOJ will be successful or, if they are, the timing or final terms of any such settlement. Any such settlement could also involve entry into a corporate integrity agreement, which would impose costs and burdens on the operation of our business. If we do not reach a final settlement, the outcome of this investigation could include an enforcement action against us. If the federal government were to file an enforcement action against us as a result of the investigation and could establish the elements of a violation of relevant laws, we could be subject to damages, fines and penalties, which could be substantial, along with other criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, and we would expect to incur significant costs in connection with such enforcement action, regardless of the outcome. For more information, see Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Proceedings of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the risk factors under the headings “Changes in healthcare law and implementing regulations, including those based on recently enacted legislation, as well as changes in healthcare policy, may impact our business in ways that we cannot currently predict, and these changes could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition” and “We are subject to significant ongoing regulatory obligations and oversight, which may result in significant additional expense and limit our ability to commercialize our products” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Other key challenges and risks that we face include risks and uncertainties related to:


•	the challenges of protecting and enhancing our intellectual property rights;


•	the challenges of achieving and maintaining commercial success of our products;

•

delays or problems in the supply or manufacture of our products and product candidates, particularly with respect to certain products as to which we maintain limited inventories, our dependence on single source suppliers for most of our products, product candidates and APIs, and the requirement that we and our product suppliers be qualified by the FDA to manufacture product and comply with applicable manufacturing regulations;

•

the need to obtain and maintain appropriate pricing and reimbursement for our products in an increasingly challenging environment due to, among other things, the attention being paid to healthcare cost containment and pharmaceutical pricing in the U.S. and worldwide, including the need to obtain and maintain reimbursement for Xyrem in the U.S. in an environment in which we are subject to increasingly restrictive conditions for reimbursement required by government programs and third party payors;


•	our ability to identify and acquire, in-license or develop additional products or product candidates to grow our business;


•	the challenges of compliance with the requirements of the FDA, the DEA and comparable non-U.S. regulatory agencies, including with respect to product labeling, requirements for distribution, obtaining sufficient DEA quotas where needed, marketing and promotional activities, patient assistance programs, adverse event reporting and product recalls or withdrawals;


•	the difficulty and uncertainty of pharmaceutical product development, including the timing thereof, and the uncertainty of clinical success, such as the risk that results from preclinical studies and/or early clinical trials may not be predictive of results obtained in later and larger clinical trials planned or anticipated to be conducted for our product candidates;


•	the inherent uncertainty associated with the regulatory approval process, especially as we continue to increase investment in our product pipeline development projects and undertake multiple planned regulatory submissions for our product candidates;

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•

the risks associated with business combination or product or product candidate acquisition transactions, such as the challenges inherent in the integration of acquired businesses with our historical business, the increase in geographic dispersion among our centers of operation and the risks that we may acquire unanticipated liabilities along with acquired businesses or otherwise fail to realize the anticipated benefits (commercial or otherwise) from such transactions; and


•	possible restrictions on our ability and flexibility to pursue certain future opportunities as a result of our substantial outstanding debt obligations.

Any of these risks and uncertainties could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. All of these risks are discussed in greater detail, along with other risks, in “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Results of Operations

The following table presents our revenues and expenses (in thousands, except percentages):



	Three Months Ended March 31,				Increase/
	2018		2017		(Decrease)
Product sales, net	$	440,847	$	373,678	18	%
Royalties and contract revenues	3,766		2,375		59	%
Cost of product sales (excluding amortization of intangible assets)	33,919		25,065		35	%
Selling, general and administrative	207,213		144,255		44	%
Research and development	62,667		44,928		39	%
Intangible asset amortization	53,007		25,665		107	%
Interest expense, net	20,605		18,844		9	%
Foreign exchange loss	1,728		1,464		18	%
Income tax provision	19,146		29,160		(34	)%
Equity in loss of investees	337		161		109	%

Revenues

The following table presents our product sales, royalties and contract revenues, and total revenues (in thousands, except percentages):



	Three Months Ended March 31,				Increase/
	2018		2017		(Decrease)
Xyrem	$	316,777	$	272,326	16	%
Erwinaze/Erwinase	50,627		51,388		(1	)%
Defitelio/defibrotide	35,061		35,900		(2	)%
Vyxeos	26,228		—		N/A(1)
Prialt^® (ziconotide) intrathecal infusion	6,126		7,717		(21	)%
Other	6,028		6,347		(5	)%
Product sales, net	440,847		373,678		18	%
Royalties and contract revenues	3,766		2,375		59	%
Total revenues	$	444,613	$	376,053	18	%

_____________________________


(1)	Comparison to prior period not meaningful.

Product Sales, Net

Xyrem product sales increased in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 due to an increase in sales volume and a higher average net selling price. Xyrem product sales volume increased by 9% in the three

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months ended March 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 primarily driven by an increase in the average number of patients on Xyrem. Price increases were instituted in January 2018 and July 2017. Erwinaze product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2018 were consistent with the same period in 2017. The company experienced supply challenges in the three months ended March 31, 2018, which resulted in fluctuations in inventory levels and temporary disruptions in the company’s ability to supply certain markets. Defitelio/defibrotide product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2018 were consistent with the same period in 2017. Vyxeos product sales in the three months ended March 31, 2018 were $26.2 million. Vyxeos launched in the U.S. in August 2017. Prialt product sales decreased in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017, primarily due to a change in the relative mix of vial sizes sold. Other product sales decreased in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017, primarily due to a decrease in sales of our psychiatry products due to generic competition, partially offset by an increase in sales of other products. We expect total product sales will increase in 2018 over 2017, primarily due to anticipated growth in sales of Xyrem, Vyxeos and Defitelio.

Royalties and Contract Revenues

Royalties and contract revenues increased in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 primarily due to higher contract revenues from out-licensing agreements. We do not expect royalties and contract revenues to change materially in 2018 compared to 2017.

Cost of Product Sales

Cost of product sales increased in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017, primarily due to an increase in net product sales. Gross margin as a percentage of net product sales was 92.3% in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to 93.3% for the same period in 2017. The decrease in the gross margin percentage in the three months ended March 31, 2018 was primarily due to a change in product mix. We do not expect our gross margin as a percentage of net product sales to change materially in 2018 compared to 2017.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017, primarily due to an accrued estimated loss contingency of $57.0 million. In April 2018, we reached an agreement in principle with the DOJ on a proposal for a civil settlement of potential claims by the DOJ in the amount of $57.0 million, subject to accrual of interest on the settlement amount from the date of the agreement in principle, negotiation of a definitive settlement agreement and other contingencies. For a further description of this matter, see Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Proceedings of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2018 also included an increase in compensation-related expenses of $5.2 million, driven by higher headcount, and higher marketing and promotional expenses, primarily due to pre-launch promotional costs for the potential U.S. commercial launch of solriamfetol and EU launch of Vyxeos, compared to the same period in 2017. We expect selling, general and administrative expenses in 2018 to increase compared to 2017, primarily due to an estimated loss contingency and an increase in compensation-related expenses and other expenses resulting from the expansion and support of our business and an increase in expenses related to the preparation for the potential U.S. commercial launch of solriamfetol, continuation of the U.S launch of Vyxeos and the potential EU commercial launch of Vyxeos.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs related to clinical studies and outside services, personnel expenses, milestone payments and other research and development costs. Clinical study and outside services costs relate primarily to services performed by clinical research organizations, materials and supplies, and other third party fees. Personnel expenses relate primarily to salaries, benefits and share-based compensation. Other research and development expenses primarily include overhead allocations consisting of various support and facilities-related costs. We do not track fully-burdened research and development expenses on a project-by-project basis. We manage our research and development expenses by identifying the research and development activities that we anticipate will be performed during a given period and then prioritizing efforts based on our assessment of which development activities are important to our business and have a reasonable probability of success, and by dynamically allocating resources accordingly. We also continually review our development pipeline projects and the status of their development and, as necessary, reallocate resources among our development pipeline projects that we believe will best support the future growth of our business.

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The following table provides a breakout of our research and development expenses by major categories of expense (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018		2017
Clinical studies and outside services	$	28,189	$	22,931
Personnel expenses	17,204		16,655
Milestone expenses	11,000		—
Other	6,274		5,342
Total	$	62,667	$	44,928

Research and development expenses increased by $17.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. Clinical studies and outside services costs increased in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 primarily due to an increase in expenses related to our ongoing pre-clinical and clinical development programs and regulatory activities, partially offset by lower clinical trial costs following the completion of three Phase 3 clinical trials for solriamfetol. Milestone expense of $11.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2018 related to milestone payments following FDA acceptance of our NDA for solriamfetol in March 2018.

For 2018 and beyond, we expect that our research and development expenses will continue to increase from historical levels, particularly as we prepare for a number of anticipated regulatory submissions, initiate additional clinical trials and related development work and potentially acquire rights to additional product candidates. A discussion of the risks and uncertainties with respect to our research and development activities, including completing the development of and regulatory submissions for our product candidates, and the consequences to our business, financial position and growth prospects can be found in “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Intangible Asset Amortization

Intangible asset amortization increased by $27.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017, primarily due to the commencement of amortization of the Vyxeos intangible asset upon FDA approval in August 2017. We expect intangible asset amortization to increase in 2018 compared to 2017 due to the full year of amortization of the Vyxeos intangible asset.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net increased by $1.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017, primarily due to interest expense on our 1.50% exchangeable senior notes due 2024, or the 2024 Notes, which were issued in the third quarter of 2017 and higher interest rates on our term loan borrowings, partially offset by a reduction in interest expense following repayment of our revolving credit facility in full in the third quarter of 2017. We expect interest expense, net will be higher in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to the amortization of the debt discount on the 2024 Notes, partially offset by higher interest income.

Foreign Exchange Loss

The foreign exchange loss is primarily related to the translation of euro-denominated net monetary liabilities, primarily intercompany balances, held by subsidiaries with a U.S. dollar functional currency.

Income Tax Provision

Our income tax provision was $19.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to $29.2 million for the same period in 2017. The effective tax rate was 29.2% in the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to 25.2% for the same period in 2017. The increase in the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 was primarily due to the impact of the estimated loss contingency and a decrease in originating tax credits, partially offset by a decrease in U.S corporate income tax rate. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was higher than the Irish statutory rate of 12.5% primarily due to various expenses not deductible for income tax purposes, income taxable at a rate higher than the Irish statutory rate and unrecognized tax benefits.

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Equity in Loss of Investees

Equity in loss of investees relates to our share in the loss of companies in which we have made investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2018, we had cash, cash equivalents and investments of $708.2 million, borrowing availability under our revolving credit facility of $1.25 billion and long-term debt principal balance of $1.8 billion. Our long-term debt included $667.7 million aggregate principal amount term loan, $575.0 million principal amount of our 1.875% exchangeable senior notes due 2021 and $575.0 million principal amount of the 2024 Notes. We generated cash flows from operations of $162.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018, and we expect to continue to generate positive cash flows from operations during 2018.

We believe that our existing cash balances, cash we expect to generate from operations and funds available under our revolving credit facility will be sufficient to fund our operations and to meet our existing obligations for the foreseeable future. The adequacy of our cash resources depends on many assumptions, including primarily our assumptions with respect to product sales and expenses, as well as the other factors set forth in “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q under the headings “Risks Related to Xyrem and the Significant Impact of Xyrem Sales” and “To continue to grow our business, we will need to commit substantial resources, which could result in future losses or otherwise limit our opportunities or affect our ability to operate our business.” Our assumptions may prove to be wrong or other factors may adversely affect our business, and as a result we could exhaust or significantly decrease our available cash resources, and we may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service our debt obligations which could, among other things, force us to raise additional funds and/or force us to reduce our expenses, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

To continue to grow our business over the longer term, we plan to commit substantial resources to product acquisition and in-licensing, product development, clinical trials of product candidates and expansion of our commercial, manufacturing and other operations. In this regard, we have evaluated and expect to continue to evaluate a wide array of strategic transactions as part of our strategy to acquire or in-license and develop additional products and product candidates. Acquisition opportunities that we pursue could materially affect our liquidity and capital resources and may require us to incur additional indebtedness, seek equity capital or both. In addition, we may pursue new operations or continue the expansion of our existing operations. Accordingly, we expect to continue to opportunistically seek access to additional capital to license or acquire additional products, product candidates or companies to expand our operations or for general corporate purposes. Raising additional capital could be accomplished through one or more public or private debt or equity financings, collaborations or partnering arrangements. Any equity financing would be dilutive to our shareholders, and the consent of the lenders under the amended credit agreement could be required for certain financings.

In November 2016, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we are authorized to repurchase a number of ordinary shares having an aggregate purchase price of up to $300 million, exclusive of any brokerage commissions. Under this program, which has no expiration date, we may repurchase ordinary shares from time to time on the open market. The timing and amount of repurchases will depend on a variety of factors, including the price of our ordinary shares, alternative investment opportunities, restrictions under the amended credit agreement, corporate and regulatory requirements and market conditions. In the three months ended March 31, 2018, we spent a total of $34.5 million to purchase 0.2 million of our ordinary shares under the share repurchase program at an average total purchase price, including commissions, of $145.34 per share.

The following table presents a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	162,359		$	164,540
Net cash used in investing activities	(47,149		)	(3,574		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(47,575		)	(181,674		)
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents	(501		)	1,740
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	67,134		$	(18,968	)

Net cash provided by operating activities of $162.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 related to net income of $46.0 million, adjusted for non-cash items of $93.2 million primarily related to intangible asset amortization and share-based compensation expense and a net cash inflow of $23.2 million related to changes in operating assets and liabilities. Net cash provided by operating activities of $164.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 related to net income of

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$86.5 million, adjusted for non-cash items of $47.0 million primarily related to intangible asset amortization and share-based compensation expense and a net cash inflow of $31.0 million related to changes in operating assets and liabilities.

Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2018 primarily related to the net acquisition of investments of $40.0 million and purchases of property and equipment of $7.1 million. Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2017 primarily related to purchases of property and equipment.

Net cash used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2018 primarily related to repurchase of ordinary shares under our share repurchase program of $34.5 million, payment of employee withholding taxes of $14.6 million related to share-based awards and repayment of our term loan principal of $9.0 million, partially offset by proceeds from employee equity incentive and purchase plans of $10.6 million. Net cash used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2017 primarily related to repayment of borrowings under our revolving credit facility of $150.0 million, payment of employee withholding taxes of $14.4 million related to share-based awards, repurchase of ordinary shares under our share repurchase program of $13.9 million and repayment of our term loan principal of $9.0 million, partially offset by proceeds from employee equity incentive and purchase plans of $5.7 million.

Debt

The summary of our outstanding indebtedness under our financing arrangements is included in Note 8, Debt of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. As of March 31, 2018, no amounts were outstanding under our revolving credit facility. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, there were no material changes to our credit agreement and our Exchangeable Senior Notes as set forth in Note 11, Debt of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Contractual Obligations

During the three months ended March 31, 2018, there were no material changes to our contractual obligations as set forth in Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

On April 30, 2018, we entered into an agreement with Spark to purchase a PRV from Spark. In consideration for the PRV, we will pay Spark $110.0 million upon closing of the transaction, which is subject to customary closing conditions, including expiration or termination of the applicable waiting period under the HSR Act.

Critical Accounting Estimates

To understand our financial statements, it is important to understand our critical accounting estimates. The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP, requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions are required in determining the amounts to be deducted from gross revenues, in particular estimates of government rebates, which include Medicaid and TRICARE rebates, and estimated product returns. Significant estimates and assumptions are also required to determine whether to capitalize intangible assets, the amortization periods for identifiable intangible assets, the potential impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets, income taxes and share-based compensation. Some of these judgments can be subjective and complex, and, consequently, actual results may differ from these estimates. For any given individual estimate or assumption we make, there may also be other estimates or assumptions that are reasonable. Although we believe our estimates and assumptions are reasonable, they are based upon information available at the time the estimates and assumptions were made.

Our critical accounting policies and significant estimates are detailed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Except for the revenue recognition policy that was updated as a result of adopting ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” our critical accounting policies and significant estimates have not changed substantially from those previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are subject to the “safe harbor” created by those sections. Forward-looking statements are based on our management’s current plans, objectives, estimates, expectations and intentions and on information currently available to our management. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “project,” “predict,” “propose,” “intend,” “continue,” “potential,” “possible,” “foreseeable,” “likely,” “unforeseen” and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance, time frames or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, time frames or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We discuss many of these risks, uncertainties and other risk factors in greater detail under Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Given these risks, uncertainties and other factors, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Also, these forward-looking statements represent our plans, objectives, estimates, expectations and intentions only as of the date of this filing. You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q completely and with the understanding that our actual future results and the timing of events may be materially different from what we expect. We hereby qualify our forward-looking statements by our cautionary statements. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or supplement any forward-looking statements publicly, or to update or supplement the reasons that actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.


Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

During the three months ended March 31, 2018, there were no material changes to our market risk disclosures as set forth in Part II, Item 7A “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.


Item 4.	Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. We have carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on their evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2018.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, within an organization have been detected. Accordingly, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of our disclosure control system are met and, as set forth above, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded, based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this report, that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the objectives of our disclosure control system were met.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. During the quarter ended March 31, 2018, there have been no changes to our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION


Item 1.	Legal Proceedings

The information required to be set forth under this Item 1 is incorporated by reference to Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Proceedings of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.


Item 1A.	Risk Factors

We have identified the following risks and uncertainties that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. The risks described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also significantly impair our business operations. Our business could be harmed by any of these risks. The trading price of our ordinary shares could decline due to any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment. In assessing these risks, you should also refer to the other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, including our condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes.

Risks Related to Xyrem and the Significant Impact of Xyrem Sales

Xyrem is our largest selling product, and our inability to maintain or increase sales of Xyrem would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Xyrem is our largest selling product, and our financial results are significantly influenced by sales of Xyrem, which accounted for 72% of our net product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 74% of our net product sales for the year ended December 31, 2017. Our future plans assume that sales of Xyrem will increase, but we cannot assure you that we can maintain sales of Xyrem at or near current levels, or that Xyrem sales will continue to grow. We have periodically increased the price of Xyrem, most recently in January 2018, and we cannot assure you that price adjustments we have taken or may take in the future will not negatively affect Xyrem sales volumes.

In addition to other risks described herein, our ability to maintain or increase Xyrem product sales is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, the most important of which are discussed in more detail below, including those related to:


•	the potential U.S. introduction of a generic version of Xyrem before the entry dates specified in our settlements with certain abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, filers or on terms that are different from those contemplated by the settlement agreements, as further described below;


•	the potential U.S. introduction of new products that compete with, or otherwise disrupt the market for, Xyrem in the treatment of cataplexy and/or excessive daytime sleepiness, or EDS, in narcolepsy;


•	changes to or uncertainties around regulatory restrictions, including, among other things, changes to our Xyrem risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, as further described below;


•	challenges and potential challenges to our intellectual property around Xyrem, including uncertainty in ongoing ANDA litigation or the possibility of new ANDA filers and challenges;


•	any increase in pricing pressure from, changes in policies by, or restrictions on reimbursement imposed by, third party payors;


•	changes in healthcare laws and policy, including changes in requirements for patient assistance programs, rebates, reimbursement and coverage by federal healthcare programs, and changes resulting from increased scrutiny on pharmaceutical pricing and REMS programs by government entities;


•	operational disruptions at the Xyrem central pharmacy or any failure to comply with our REMS obligations to the satisfaction of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA;


•	any supply or manufacturing problems, including any problems with our sole source Xyrem active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, provider;


•	continued acceptance of Xyrem by physicians and patients, including as a result of negative publicity that surfaces from time to time;


•	changes to our label, including new safety warnings or changes to our boxed warning, that further restrict how we market and sell Xyrem; and


•	our U.S.-based API and Xyrem suppliers’ ability to obtain sufficient quotas from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, to satisfy our needs for Xyrem.

These and the other risks described below related to Xyrem product sales and protection of our proprietary rights could have a material adverse effect on our ability to maintain or increase sales of Xyrem.

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If sales of Xyrem were to decline significantly, we might need to reduce our operating expenses or seek to raise additional funds, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects, or we might not be able to acquire, in-license or develop new products in the future to grow our business.

The launch of a generic version of Xyrem or other sodium oxybate products that compete with Xyrem would adversely affect sales of Xyrem.

We have settled lawsuits against six of the ANDA filers. On April 5, 2017, we settled all lawsuits against the first filer, West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC), or West-Ward, granting West-Ward the right to sell an authorized generic version of Xyrem, or AG Product, beginning on January 1, 2023, or earlier under certain circumstances, including circumstances related to the licensing or market entry of another generic sodium oxybate product, a final decision that all unexpired claims of the Xyrem patents are invalid and/or unenforceable, or a substantial reduction in Xyrem net sales over specified periods of time. We also granted West-Ward a license to launch its own generic sodium oxybate product as early as six months after it has the right to sell the AG Product, unless it elects to continue to sell the AG Product, which it may do for up to a total of five years. On January 9, 2018, we settled all litigation with Par Pharmaceutical, Inc., or Par, granting Par the right to sell a limited volume of AG Product beginning on July 1, 2023, or earlier under certain circumstances, including acceleration of the West-Ward AG Product launch date. We also granted Par a license to launch its own generic sodium oxybate product on or after December 31, 2025, or earlier under certain circumstances, including circumstances related to launch of a generic sodium oxybate product by West-Ward or another company under its ANDA. We have also settled all lawsuits with four of the other ANDA filers, granting each of them a license to launch its own generic sodium oxybate product on or after December 31, 2025, or earlier under certain circumstances, including the launch by West-Ward or another party of a generic sodium oxybate product under its ANDA. In accordance with legal requirements, we have submitted our Xyrem settlement agreements to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, and the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, for review.

Patent lawsuits against two of the remaining non-settling ANDA filers have been consolidated as one case and remain pending in the District Court. Although no trial date has been set, discovery is scheduled to conclude in the fourth quarter of 2018, and the trial in this consolidated case could occur as early as later that quarter. For further description of these settlements and legal proceedings, see Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Proceedings of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Challenges, Risks and Trends Related to Our Lead Marketed Products and Product Candidates Submitted for Regulatory Approval” included in Part I, Item 3 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We cannot predict the timing or outcome of the ANDA litigation proceedings against the remaining non-settling ANDA filers.

Certain ANDA filers filed petitions for inter partes review, or IPR, by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, or PTAB, of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, with respect to the validity of certain distribution, method of use and formulation patents covering Xyrem. The PTAB instituted IPR trials with respect to certain of these petitions. In July 2016, the PTAB issued final decisions that the claims of six patents associated with the Xyrem REMS, or REMS patents, are unpatentable. In March 2016, the PTAB partially instituted an IPR on three claims of a seventh REMS patent, declining to review 25 of 28 claims, and, in March 2017, the PTAB issued a final decision that the three claims they reviewed are unpatentable. The July 2016 and March 2017 PTAB decisions are part of a consolidated appeal currently pending before the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, or the Federal Circuit. If the Federal Circuit upholds the PTAB decisions on appeal, we will not be able to enforce claims the PTAB found unpatentable. On April 24, 2018, the Supreme Court of the United States, or Supreme Court, issued an opinion holding that the PTAB does not have authority to partially review a patent where an IPR petitioner has asked for review of all of the claims. As a result of that ruling, the Federal Circuit is considering how to adjudicate the appeal of the PTAB’s March 2017 decision. For further description of these legal proceedings, see Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Proceedings of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We cannot predict whether additional post-grant patent review challenges will be filed by any of the ANDA filers or any other entity, the outcome of any proceeding, including any appeal, or the impact any IPR or other proceeding might have on ongoing ANDA litigation proceedings or other aspects of our Xyrem business.

In January 2017, the FDA approved West-Ward’s ANDA for a generic sodium oxybate product. The FDA’s letter approving West-Ward’s ANDA notes that, as the first ANDA applicant, West-Ward is eligible for 180 days of generic drug

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exclusivity. West-Ward’s ANDA approval also includes a waiver that permits West-Ward to use a separate REMS program from the Xyrem REMS on the condition that the REMS approved with West-Ward’s ANDA, or the generic sodium oxybate REMS, be open to all future sponsors of ANDAs or new drug applications, or NDAs, for sodium oxybate products. In January 2017, the FDA tentatively approved two additional ANDAs for generic sodium oxybate products, and we believe that it is likely that the FDA will approve or tentatively approve additional ANDAs.

The actual timing of any commercial launch of an AG Product or a generic sodium oxybate product is uncertain. For example, to the extent that one or more of the non-settling ANDA filers continues to litigate our Xyrem patents and obtains a final judicial decision prior to January 1, 2023 that all unexpired claims of the Xyrem patents are invalid and/or unenforceable, any party who has obtained or maintains FDA approval for its generic product and is able to distribute its product through an approved sodium oxybate REMS could potentially enter the market with a generic sodium oxybate product, subject in some cases to West-Ward’s right to 180-day exclusivity. West-Ward’s AG Product launch date would be accelerated to approximately the date of that final judicial decision, which would also accelerate the permitted launch of Par’s AG Product and could accelerate the launch of other generic sodium oxybate products.

Moreover, subject in some cases to West-Ward’s 180-day exclusivity, one or more of the non-settling ANDA filers that obtains or maintains FDA approval for its generic sodium oxybate product and is able to distribute its product through an approved generic sodium oxybate REMS could also launch its generic product in the absence of a final decision that all unexpired claims of the Xyrem patents are invalid and/or unenforceable. Circumstances that could result in such a launch include, for example, a judicial determination that the introduction of such filer’s generic product does not infringe our patents; a judicial determination that Xyrem patents are valid and infringed but that an injunction is not warranted; or a decision by a non-settling ANDA filer, before applicable ongoing patent litigation is concluded, to launch a generic product at risk of being held liable for damages for patent infringement. It is also possible that we could enter into settlement agreements with one or more ANDA filers that would permit such a filer to enter the market on or prior to the launch date(s) agreed with West-Ward. In the event of any such launch by another non-settling ANDA filer, except in limited circumstances related to an “at risk” launch, the launch date for West-Ward’s AG Product would be accelerated to a date on or prior to the date of such entry, which could lead to acceleration of the other settling filers’ launch dates as described above.

Another circumstance that could trigger acceleration of West-Ward’s launch date for an AG Product, which would also lead to acceleration of Par’s launch date for its AG Product and ultimately could lead to acceleration of the other settling filers’ launch dates for their generic sodium oxybate products, is a substantial reduction in Xyrem net sales. Such a reduction could occur under various circumstances, including if we introduce, or a third party introduces, a product to treat EDS or cataplexy in narcolepsy that substantially erodes Xyrem net sales prior to January 1, 2023.

Other companies could also develop and launch sodium oxybate or other products that are similar, but not identical, to Xyrem, such as an alternative formulation or a different delivery technology, and seek approval in the U.S. through an NDA approval pathway under Section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, by referencing Xyrem and relying, to some degree, on the FDA’s approval of Xyrem and related determinations of safety and efficacy. Avadel Pharmaceuticals plc, or Avadel, a company that is using its proprietary technology for delivery of a sodium oxybate formulation to eliminate second nighttime dosing for narcolepsy patients, has stated that it is conducting a Phase 3 pivotal trial pursuant to an FDA-approved special protocol assessment, and has indicated that it intends to seek approval of its product candidate using a Section 505(b)(2) NDA approval pathway referencing Xyrem.

We are also aware of products being developed by others for use as treatment options in cataplexy and/or EDS in patients with narcolepsy that have different safety profiles and mechanisms of action than Xyrem, including a product to treat adult patients with narcolepsy with or without cataplexy that received marketing approval in Europe in 2016. While this product is currently not approved by the FDA for marketing in the U.S., the company that has exclusive U.S. commercialization rights to this product recently established an expanded access program for the product and has stated that it expects to submit an NDA to the FDA for the treatment of narcolepsy in adult patients during the first half of 2018. The receipt of marketing approval and commercialization of this product, Avadel’s product or other products that may be approved in the U.S. for the treatment of narcolepsy patients could, depending on the targeted patient population, reduce Xyrem sales, which could have the additional effect of potentially triggering acceleration of market entry of AG Products or other generic sodium oxybate products under our ANDA litigation settlement agreements, as described above and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

After any introduction of a generic product, whether or not it is an AG Product, a significant percentage of the prescriptions written for Xyrem may be filled with the generic product. Certain U.S. state laws allow for, and in some instances in the absence of specific instructions from the prescribing physician mandate, the dispensing of generic products rather than branded products where a generic version is available. This would result in reduction in sales of, and revenue from, Xyrem, although we would continue to receive royalty and other revenue based on sales of an AG Product in accordance with the terms of our settlement agreements. Any ANDA holder launching any AG Product or another generic sodium oxybate product will establish the price of the AG Product and/or its own generic sodium oxybate product. However, generic competition often

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results in decreases in the prices at which branded products can be sold, particularly when there is more than one generic product available.

We expect that the launch of any generic sodium oxybate product, including any AG Product, or the approval and launch of other products that compete with Xyrem, would be likely to have a material adverse effect on our sales of Xyrem and on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

For further discussion regarding legal proceedings and settlement agreements related to Xyrem, the risks associated with our ANDA settlement agreements, the approval and tentative approval of ANDAs, the potential launch of AG Products or generic versions of Xyrem, or the approval and launch of other sodium oxybate or other products that compete with Xyrem, as well as other risks and challenges we face with respect to Xyrem, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Challenges, Risks and Trends Related to Our Lead Marketed Products and Product Candidates Submitted for Regulatory Approval” included in Part I, Item 3 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the risk factors under the headings “Risks Related to Xyrem and the Significant Impact of Xyrem Sales,” “Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property,” and “We face substantial competition from other companies, including companies with greater resources, including larger sales organizations and more experience working with large and diverse product portfolios, than we have” in this Part II, Item 1A, and Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Proceedings of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The distribution and sale of Xyrem are subject to significant regulatory oversight and restrictions and the requirements of a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, and these restrictions and requirements, as well as the potential impact of changes to these restrictions and requirements, subject us to increased risks and uncertainties, any of which could negatively impact sales of Xyrem.

The FDA requires that we maintain a REMS for Xyrem to help ensure the safe distribution of Xyrem and minimize the risk of misuse, abuse and diversion of sodium oxybate. In February 2015, the FDA approved the current Xyrem REMS, which requires, among other things, that Xyrem be distributed through a single pharmacy. In the FDA’s letter approving the Xyrem REMS, the FDA stated that (i) the approval action should not be construed or understood as agreement with what the FDA stated was our position that dispensing through a single pharmacy is the only way to ensure that the benefits of Xyrem outweigh its risks, and that the FDA has continuing concerns that limiting the distribution of Xyrem to one pharmacy imposes burdens on patient access and the healthcare delivery system, and (ii) as with all REMS, the FDA intends to evaluate the Xyrem REMS on an ongoing basis and will require modifications as may be appropriate. We cannot predict whether the FDA will request, seek to require or ultimately require modifications to, or impose additional requirements on, the Xyrem REMS, including in connection with the submission of applications for new oxybate indications or products, or whether FDA will permit modifications to the Xyrem REMS that we consider warranted in connection with the submission of applications for new oxybate indications or products. Any modifications required or rejected by the FDA could make it more difficult or expensive for us to distribute Xyrem, make distribution easier for sodium oxybate competitors, impair the safety profile of Xyrem, disrupt continuity of care for Xyrem patients and/or negatively affect sales of Xyrem.

In August 2015, we implemented the current Xyrem REMS, and we have submitted and expect to continue to submit ongoing assessments as set forth in the FDA’s Xyrem REMS approval letter. However, we cannot guarantee that our implementation and ongoing assessments will be satisfactory to the FDA or that the Xyrem REMS will satisfy the FDA’s expectations in its evaluation of the Xyrem REMS on an ongoing basis. Any failure to comply with the REMS obligations could result in enforcement action by the FDA; lead to changes in our Xyrem REMS obligations; negatively affect sales of Xyrem; result in additional costs and expenses for us; and/or take a significant amount of time, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

While we have an exclusive agreement with Express Scripts Specialty Distribution Services, Inc., the central pharmacy for Xyrem, through June 2019 (subject to a one-year extension at Jazz’s discretion unless either party provides 180 days’ notice to the other of its intent to terminate the agreement), if the central pharmacy does not fulfill its contractual obligations to us, fails to meet the requirements of the Xyrem REMS applicable to the central pharmacy, provides timely notice that it wants to terminate our agreement, refuses or fails to adequately serve patients, or fails to promptly and adequately address operational challenges, whether expected or unexpected, the fulfillment of Xyrem prescriptions and our sales would be adversely affected. If we change to a new central pharmacy, new contracts might be required with government and other insurers who pay for Xyrem, and the terms of any new contracts could be less favorable to us than current agreements. In addition, any new central pharmacy would need to be registered with the DEA and certified and would also need to implement the particular processes, procedures and activities necessary to distribute Xyrem under the Xyrem REMS. Transitioning to a new pharmacy could result in product shortages, which would negatively affect sales of Xyrem, result in additional costs and expenses for us and/or take a significant amount of time, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

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Section 505-1(i)(1) of the FDCA generally provides that (i) an ANDA that references a drug subject to a REMS with elements to assure safe use, or ETASU, is required to have a REMS with the same elements as the reference listed drug, or RLD, and (ii) the ANDA drug and the RLD shall use a single shared system to assure safe use. However, the FDA may waive this requirement for a single shared system and approve an ANDA with a separate REMS with differing but comparable aspects of ETASU under certain circumstances. These requirements do not apply to an application submitted under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA, even if that application references a drug subject to a REMS with ETASU.

In January 2017, the FDA announced approval of the West-Ward ANDA and waived the shared REMS requirement. The FDA’s waiver of the shared REMS requirement permits West-Ward to use a separate REMS program from the Xyrem REMS, or the generic sodium oxybate REMS, on the condition that the generic sodium oxybate REMS be open to all future sponsors of ANDAs or NDAs for sodium oxybate products. This could potentially include future sodium oxybate products approved under Section 505(b)(2). We cannot predict whether a company marketing a sodium oxybate product approved under Section 505(b)(2) would be required or permitted to distribute its product through the generic sodium oxybate REMS or a separate REMS. In connection with the waiver, FDA issued a statement that it considers the generic sodium oxybate REMS to have the same ETASU as the Xyrem REMS and operationalizes those elements in a comparable manner to achieve the same level of safety as the Xyrem REMS. We were not involved in development of the generic sodium oxybate REMS and were not consulted regarding any features of this REMS. A sodium oxybate distribution system that is less restrictive than the Xyrem REMS, such as the generic sodium oxybate REMS, which provides that generic sodium oxybate products could be distributed through multiple pharmacies, could increase the risks associated with sodium oxybate distribution. Any negative outcomes, including risks to the public, caused by or otherwise related to a separate sodium oxybate REMS, could have a significant negative impact in terms of product liability, public acceptance of Xyrem as a treatment for EDS and cataplexy in narcolepsy, and prescribers’ willingness to prescribe, and patients’ willingness to take, Xyrem, as patients, consumers and others may not differentiate generic sodium oxybate from Xyrem or differentiate between the different REMS programs, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our Xyrem business.

We may face pressure to modify the Xyrem REMS or to license or share intellectual property pertinent to the Xyrem REMS, including proprietary data required for the safe distribution of sodium oxybate, in connection with the FDA’s approval of the generic sodium oxybate REMS or otherwise. Our settlement agreements with certain of the ANDA filers do not directly impact the FDA’s waiver of the single shared system REMS requirement, any other ANDA filer’s ability to develop and implement the generic sodium oxybate REMS for its generic sodium oxybate product or our ability to take any action with respect to the generic sodium oxybate REMS. We cannot predict the outcome or impact on our business of any future action that we may take with respect to the FDA’s waiver of the single shared system REMS requirement, its approval and tentative approval of generic versions of Xyrem or the consequences of distribution of sodium oxybate through the generic sodium oxybate REMS approved by the FDA or another separate REMS.

In September 2016, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc., our wholly owned subsidiary, submitted a Citizen Petition to the FDA requesting that, for safety reasons, the FDA refuse to approve any sodium oxybate ANDA with a proposed package insert or REMS that omits the portions of the Xyrem package insert and the Xyrem REMS that instruct prescribers on adjusting the dose of the product when it is co-administered with divalproex sodium (also known as valproate or valproic acid). In January 2017, the FDA granted the Citizen Petition with respect to the Xyrem package insert. The FDA concluded that it will not approve any sodium oxybate ANDA referencing Xyrem that does not include in its package insert the portions of the currently approved Xyrem package insert related to the drug-drug interaction, or DDI, with divalproex sodium. Our Xyrem DDI patents cover these instructions on the Xyrem package insert and Xyrem REMS. We cannot predict whether one or more of the non-settling ANDA filers, or a company that files a Section 505(b)(2) application for a drug referencing Xyrem, may pursue regulatory strategies to avoid infringing our method of administration patents notwithstanding the FDA’s response to the Citizen Petition, or whether any such strategy would be successful. Likewise, we cannot predict whether we will be able to maintain the validity of any of our patents or will otherwise obtain a judicial determination that a generic or other sodium oxybate product, its package insert or the generic sodium oxybate REMS or another separate REMS will infringe any of our patents or, if we prevail in proving infringement, whether a court will grant an injunction that prevents any non-settling ANDA filer or other company introducing a different sodium oxybate product from marketing its product, or instead require that party to pay damages in the form of lost profits or a reasonable royalty.

For further discussion regarding these matters, see the risk factors under the headings “The launch of a generic version of Xyrem or other sodium oxybate products that compete with Xyrem would adversely affect sales of Xyrem” and “Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property” in this Part II, Item 1A.

REMS and the improper use of REMS as a means of improperly blocking or delaying competition for branded pharmaceutical products have increasingly drawn public scrutiny from Congress, the FTC and the FDA. Congress, for example, has introduced proposed legislation aimed at preventing companies from using REMS and other restricted distribution programs as a means to deny potential competitors access to product samples needed for bioequivalence testing. The FDA has stated that it will seek to coordinate with the FTC in identifying and publicizing practices the FTC finds to be

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anticompetitive and has further stated that the FDA has concerns related to the role of REMS programs in delaying approval of generic products. It is possible that the FTC, the FDA, other governmental authorities or other third parties could claim that, or launch an investigation into whether, we are using the Xyrem REMS in an anticompetitive manner (including in light of the FDA’s statement in the Xyrem REMS approval letter that the Xyrem REMS could be used in an anticompetitive manner inconsistent with applicable provisions of the FDCA) or have engaged in other anticompetitive practices. The FDCA further states that a REMS ETASU shall not be used by an NDA holder to block or delay generic drugs or drugs covered by an application under Section 505(b)(2) from entering the market. Several of the ANDA applicants have asserted that our REMS patents should not have been listed in the FDA’s publication “Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations,” or the Orange Book, and that the Xyrem REMS is blocking competition. We cannot predict the outcome of any potential government investigation of these claims or the impact of any similar claims that may be made in the future.

The FDA has required that Xyrem’s labeling include a boxed warning regarding the risk of central nervous system depression and misuse and abuse. A boxed warning is the strongest type of warning that the FDA can require for a drug product and warns prescribers that the drug carries a significant risk of serious or even life-threatening adverse effects. A boxed warning also means, among other things, that the product cannot be advertised through reminder ads, or ads that mention the pharmaceutical brand name but not the indication or medical condition it treats. Our Xyrem REMS includes unique features that provide more extensive information about adverse events, including deaths, than is generally available for other products that are not subject to similar REMS requirements. As required by the FDA and other regulatory agencies, the adverse event information that we collect for Xyrem is regularly reported to the FDA and could result in the FDA requiring changes to Xyrem labeling, including additional warnings or boxed warnings, or requiring us to take other actions that could have an adverse effect on patient and prescriber acceptance of Xyrem.

Any failure to demonstrate our substantial compliance with applicable regulatory requirements to the satisfaction of the FDA or any other regulatory authority could result in such regulatory authorities taking actions in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on Xyrem sales and therefore on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. For more information, see the risk factor under the heading “We are subject to significant ongoing regulatory obligations and oversight, which may result in significant additional expense and limit our ability to commercialize our products” in this Part II, Item 1A.

Risks Related to Our Business

While Xyrem remains our largest product, our success also depends on our ability to effectively commercialize our other products and, in the case of our product candidates, our ability to obtain regulatory approval in the U.S. and Europe and, if approved, to successfully launch and commercialize those product candidates. Our inability to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

In addition to Xyrem, we are commercializing a portfolio of products, including our other lead marketed products, Erwinaze, Defitelio and Vyxeos, and we are making significant investments in solriamfetol and other product candidates that are currently not approved as marketed products in any jurisdiction.

Erwinaze

Erwinaze (called Erwinase in markets outside the U.S.), a biologic product, is used in conjunction with chemotherapy to treat patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or ALL, with hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase. Erwinaze was approved by the FDA under a biologics license application, or BLA, and was launched in the U.S. in November 2011. It is also being sold under marketing authorizations, named patient programs, temporary use authorizations or similar authorizations in multiple countries in Europe and elsewhere. Erwinaze is licensed from, and manufactured by, a single source, Porton Biopharma Limited, or PBL, a company that is wholly owned by the UK Department of Health and Social Care. Our agreement with PBL, including our license, expires in December 2020, subject to five-year extensions unless terminated by either party in writing by December 2018. We cannot predict whether the term of the agreement will be extended or, if extended, the terms of any such extension. If the agreement is terminated, we will lose our license to sell Erwinaze in any market after December 2020, except under specified terms for a post-termination transition period.

Our ability to successfully and sustainably grow sales of Erwinaze is subject to a number of challenges, including the limited population of patients with ALL and the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to E. coli-derived asparaginase within that population and our need to apply for and receive marketing authorizations, through the European Union’s, or EU’s, mutual recognition procedure or otherwise in certain additional countries if we decide to launch promotional efforts in those countries. Another significant challenge to our ability to maintain current sales levels and to increase sales is our extremely limited inventory of Erwinaze, past and continuing supply disruptions and our need to minimize or avoid additional supply disruptions due to capacity constraints, production delays, quality or regulatory challenges and other manufacturing difficulties. See the discussion regarding Erwinaze supply issues in the risk factor under the heading “The loss of our single source suppliers, delays

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or problems in the supply of our products for commercial sale or our product candidates for use in our clinical trials, or our or our suppliers’ failure to comply with manufacturing regulations, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects” in this Part II, Item 1A.

We also face numerous other risks that may impact Erwinaze sales, including regulatory risks, the development of new asparaginase treatments or treatment protocols that could reduce the rate of hypersensitivity in patients with ALL, the development of new treatment protocols for ALL that may not include asparaginase-containing regimens, difficulties with obtaining and maintaining favorable pricing and reimbursement arrangements, and potential competition from future biosimilar products. In addition, if we fail to comply with our obligations under our agreement with the licensor and supplier of Erwinaze or lose rights to Erwinaze, including if our agreement terminates at the end of its current term in December 2020, or if we otherwise fail to maintain or grow sales of Erwinaze, our growth prospects could be negatively affected.

Defitelio

We made a significant investment in Defitelio in 2014, adding the product to our portfolio as a result of our acquisition of Gentium S.r.l, or Gentium, which we refer to as the Gentium Acquisition, and then securing worldwide rights to the product by acquiring rights to defibrotide in the Americas in August 2014. We began to commercialize Defitelio in certain European countries in 2014. On March 30, 2016, the FDA approved our NDA for Defitelio for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with hepatic veno-occlusive disease, or VOD, also known as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, or SOS, with renal or pulmonary dysfunction following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or HSCT. We launched Defitelio in the U.S. shortly after FDA approval.

Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from this investment is subject to risks and uncertainties, including:


•	the continued acceptance of Defitelio in the U.S. by hospital pharmacy and therapeutics committees and the continued availability of favorable pricing and adequate coverage and reimbursement by government programs and third party payors;


•	the limited experience of, and need to educate, physicians in recognizing, diagnosing and treating VOD, particularly in adults;


•	the possibility that physicians recognizing VOD symptoms may not initiate or may delay initiation of treatment while waiting for those symptoms to improve, or may terminate treatment before the end of the recommended dosing schedule;


•	our ability to successfully maintain or grow sales of Defitelio in Europe and other non-U.S. countries;


•	delays or problems in the supply or manufacture of the product;


•	the limited size of the population of VOD patients who are indicated for treatment with Defitelio (particularly if changes in HSCT treatment protocols reduce the incidence of VOD diagnosis);


•	our ability to meet the post-marketing commitments and requirements imposed by the FDA in connection with its approval of our NDA for Defitelio; and


•	our ability to obtain marketing approval in other countries and to develop the product for additional indications.

The process of maintaining pricing and reimbursement approvals is complex and varies from country to country. Many European countries periodically review their reimbursement classes, which could have an adverse impact on the reimbursement status of Defitelio. We cannot predict the outcome of any periodic reviews required to maintain pricing and reimbursement approvals across Europe. In addition, orphan products that have a significant impact on patient survival, such as Defitelio, may be budgeted on a local rather than national level. The balance of all of these factors will determine our ability to maintain favorable pricing and reimbursement approvals in Europe. Furthermore, after initial pricing and reimbursement approvals, reductions in prices and changes in reimbursement levels can be triggered by multiple factors, including reference pricing systems and publication of discounts by third party payors or authorities in other countries. In the EU, prices can be reduced further by parallel distribution and parallel trade, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced countries. If any of these events occurs, our anticipated revenue from Defitelio in the EU would be negatively affected. If we are unable to maintain favorable pricing and reimbursement approvals in countries that represent significant markets, especially where a country’s reimbursed price influences other countries, our anticipated revenue from and growth prospects for Defitelio in the EU could be negatively affected. In addition, our ability to commercialize Defitelio successfully in the U.S. will depend on, among other things, the continued availability of adequate coverage or reimbursement by U.S. government programs and third party payors.

The European Commission, or EC, granted marketing authorization to Defitelio under “exceptional circumstances” because it was not possible to obtain complete information about the product due to the rarity of the disease and because ethical considerations prevented conducting a study directly comparing Defitelio with best supportive care or a placebo. A marketing authorization granted under exceptional circumstances is subject to approval conditions and an annual reassessment of the risk-benefit balance by European Medicines Agency, or EMA. As a result, if we fail to meet the approval condition for Defitelio established by the EC, which requires that we set up a patient registry to investigate the long-term safety, health outcomes and patterns of utilization of Defitelio during normal use, or if it is determined that the balance of risks and benefits of using

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Defitelio changes materially, the EMA could vary, suspend or withdraw the marketing authorization for Defitelio. In addition, the FDA imposed several post-marketing commitments and requirements in connection with its approval of our NDA for Defitelio in March 2016, including the requirement that we conduct a clinical trial to analyze the safety of defibrotide versus best supportive care in the prevention of VOD in adult and pediatric patients. We may be unable to comply with these or other post-marketing obligations imposed as part of the marketing approvals for Defitelio. If we fail to meet any of these post-marketing obligations, our sales of and revenues from Defitelio could be materially adversely affected, and our future maintenance and potential growth of the market for this product may be limited.

The size of the population of VOD patients who are indicated for treatment with Defitelio is limited, and changes in HSCT treatment protocols could reduce the incidence of VOD diagnosis. Changes in treatment protocols that reduce the incidence of VOD diagnosis could adversely affect our anticipated revenues from Defitelio and our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We are also assessing the potential for approval of defibrotide in other countries and for development of defibrotide in additional indications. We cannot know when, if ever, defibrotide will be approved in any other country or under what circumstances, and what, if any, additional clinical or other development activities will be required in order to potentially obtain such regulatory approval and the cost associated with such required activities, if any. If we fail to obtain approval for defibrotide in other countries or for new indications, or if any future approvals we receive are for narrower indications than we expect, our anticipated revenue from defibrotide and our growth prospects would be negatively affected.

Because VOD is an ultra-rare disease, we have experienced inter-quarter variability in our Defitelio sales, and our Defitelio sales will be difficult to predict from period to period. As a result, Defitelio sales results or trends in any period are not necessarily indicative of future performance. If sales of Defitelio do not reach the levels we expect, our anticipated revenue from Defitelio would be negatively affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Vyxeos

We made a significant investment in Vyxeos through the acquisition of Celator Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Celator, which we refer to as the Celator Acquisition. Vyxeos is the first injectable fixed ratio, drug delivery combination oncology product based on our CombiPlex technology platform approved by the FDA and that we expect to be considered for approval by the EMA. In August 2017, the FDA approved our NDA for Vyxeos for the treatment of adults with newly-diagnosed therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia, or t-AML, or acute myeloid leukemia, or AML, with myelodysplasia-related changes, or AML-MRC. We launched and began shipping Vyxeos in the U.S. in August 2017, and our U.S. commercial launch is still at an early stage.

We submitted a marketing authorization application, or MAA, for Vyxeos in the EU for the treatment of t-AML or AML-MRC in the fourth quarter of 2017. We cannot predict whether our application will be successful or whether we will be able to obtain a positive opinion of the EMA and an approval from the EC for Vyxeos in the EU in a timely manner, or at all.

Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from our investment in Vyxeos is subject to a number of additional risks and uncertainties, including:


•	our ability to differentiate Vyxeos from other liposomal chemotherapies and generically available chemotherapy combinations with which physicians and treatment centers are more familiar;


•	delays or problems in the supply or manufacture of the product, including the ability of the third parties upon which we rely to manufacture Vyxeos and its APIs to manufacture sufficient quantities in accordance with applicable specifications;


•	the need to establish pricing and reimbursement support for Vyxeos in the U.S. and in other countries;


•	the acceptance of Vyxeos in the U.S. and other countries by hospital pharmacy and therapeutics committees and the availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement by government programs and third party payors;


•	the approval and use of new and novel compounds in AML that are only approved for use in combination with other agents and that have not been tested in combination with Vyxeos; and


•	the limited size of the population of high-risk AML patients who may potentially be indicated for treatment with Vyxeos, particularly given the ongoing clinical trials by other companies with the same patient population.

Due to the lack of historical sales data from commercialization of Vyxeos, our Vyxeos sales will be difficult to predict from period to period. As a result, Vyxeos sales results or trends in any period may not necessarily be indicative of future performance. If sales of Vyxeos do not reach the levels we expect, or we are unable to obtain regulatory approval for Vyxeos in the EU in a timely manner, or at all, our anticipated revenue from the product will be negatively affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

In addition, the FDA imposed two post-marketing requirements in connection with its approval of our NDA for Vyxeos, including the requirement that we conduct a safety study to characterize infusion-related reactions in patients treated with

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Vyxeos and a clinical trial to determine dosing to minimize toxicity in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment. In the event that we are unable to comply with these or other post-marketing obligations imposed as part of the marketing approval for Vyxeos, our sales of and revenues from Vyxeos could be materially adversely affected, and our future maintenance and potential growth of the market for this product may be limited.

If we fail to maintain or increase revenue from sales of Erwinaze, Defitelio and Vyxeos, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially adversely affected. In addition to the specific risks described above, sales volumes and revenues from each of these products could be negatively affected by other risks and uncertainties described elsewhere in this Part II, Item 1A.

In addition, if we fail to obtain approvals for certain of our marketed products in new indications or formulations, we will be unable to commercialize our products in new indications or formulations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Solriamfetol

In 2017, we announced positive efficacy results from our two Phase 3 clinical trials of solriamfetol, a late-stage investigational compound being developed for potential treatment of excessive sleepiness, or ES, in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, or OSA, and from our Phase 3 clinical trial of solriamfetol in patients with narcolepsy. We submitted an NDA to the FDA in the fourth quarter of 2017 to seek approval for solriamfetol in the treatment of ES associated with OSA and ES associated with narcolepsy. In the first quarter of 2018, the FDA accepted the NDA for filing with a standard review. The FDA has set a target action date under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, of December 20, 2018. We cannot predict whether our NDA will be approved by the FDA in a timely manner, or at all. Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from an approved solriamfetol product is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including, among other things, the outcome of DEA scheduling review, which will need to be completed after NDA approval, if any, market acceptance for an approved solriamfetol product, potential competition and the availability of adequate pricing, coverage and reimbursement by government programs and third party payors, as well as other risks and uncertainties described elsewhere in this Part II, Item 1A.

Other Product Candidates

In furtherance of our growth strategy, we have made significant investments in a number of other product candidates, including ongoing development activities for two other product candidates in our sleep therapeutic area.

Any failure or delay in completing necessary clinical trials and conducting other activities, including chemistry, manufacturing and controls, or CMC, activities, that are required to complete our planned regulatory submissions and obtain regulatory approvals could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. See the discussion under the heading “Conducting clinical trials is costly and time-consuming, and the outcomes are uncertain. A failure to prove that our product candidates are safe and effective in clinical trials, or to generate data in clinical trials to support expansion of the therapeutic uses for our existing products, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects” in this Part II, Item 1A for a discussion of risks related to our clinical trials of solriamfetol and other product candidates. See also the discussions under the headings “The loss of our single source suppliers, delays or problems in the supply of our products for commercial sale or our product candidates for use in our clinical trials, or our or our suppliers’ failure to comply with manufacturing regulations, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects” and “The regulatory approval process is expensive, time-consuming and uncertain and may prevent us or our partners from obtaining approvals for the commercialization of some or all of our product candidates” in this Part II, Item 1A.

If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates in a timely manner, or at all, or if sales of an approved product do not reach the levels we expect, our anticipated revenue from our product candidates would be negatively affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

The loss of our single source suppliers, delays or problems in the supply of our products for commercial sale or our product candidates for use in our clinical trials, or our or our suppliers’ failure to comply with manufacturing regulations, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

The manufacture of pharmaceutical products requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of process controls required to consistently produce the API and the finished product in sufficient quantities while meeting detailed product specifications on a repeated basis. We and our manufacturers may encounter difficulties in production, including difficulties with production costs and yields, process controls, quality control and quality assurance, including testing of stability, impurities and impurity levels and other product specifications by validated test methods, and compliance with strictly enforced U.S., state and non-U.S. regulations. These difficulties can be heightened when we or our suppliers are required to produce finished product at commercial scale or to produce increased quantities to meet growing

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demand. In addition, we and our suppliers are subject to the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, requirements, DEA regulations and other equivalent rules and regulations prescribed by non-U.S. regulatory authorities. If we or any of our suppliers encounter these or any other manufacturing, quality or compliance difficulties with respect to any of our products, we may be unable to obtain or maintain regulatory approval, or meet commercial demand, for such products, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We have a manufacturing and development facility in Athlone, Ireland. We are using this facility for the manufacture of Xyrem and development-stage products, including JZP-507 and JZP-258, and we expect to manufacture these products commercially at our Athlone facility should these candidates receive regulatory approval. However, other than our Athlone facility and our manufacturing plant in Italy where we produce the defibrotide drug substance, we currently do not have our own commercial manufacturing capability for our products, product candidates or their APIs, or packaging capability. As a result, our ability to develop and supply products in a timely and competitive manner depends primarily on third party suppliers being able to meet our ongoing commercial and clinical trial needs for API, other raw materials, packaging materials and finished products. In part due to the limited market size for our products and product candidates, we have a single source of supply for most of our marketed products, product candidates and their APIs. These single source arrangements put us at risk of interruption in supply in the event of manufacturing, quality or compliance difficulties at our suppliers.

Siegfried USA, LLC and its affiliates, or Siegfried, have been our sole supplier of sodium oxybate, the API for Xyrem, since 2012. Siegfried supplies sodium oxybate to our U.S.-based manufacturer of Xyrem and, through a Siegfried affiliate in Europe, to our Athlone facility. We expect that Siegfried will continue to be our sole supplier of sodium oxybate for the foreseeable future, and we cannot assure you that Siegfried can or will continue to supply on a timely basis, or at all, sufficient quantities of API to enable the manufacture of the quantities of Xyrem that we need. Patheon Pharmaceuticals Inc., which we refer to together with its affiliates as Patheon, is our sole U.S.-based manufacturer and supplier of Xyrem. Although we manufacture Xyrem in our Athlone facility, we expect to rely on Patheon as our U.S.-based supplier of Xyrem for the foreseeable future, and we cannot assure you that Patheon can or will continue to supply on a timely basis, or at all, the quantities of Xyrem that we need from Patheon.

Sodium oxybate is a Schedule I controlled substance in the U.S. The DEA limits the quantity of Schedule I controlled substances that may be manufactured and procured in the U.S. in any given calendar year through a quota system and, as a result, quotas from the DEA are required to manufacture and procure sodium oxybate in the U.S. Accordingly, we require DEA quotas for Siegfried in the U.S. to manufacture sodium oxybate and for Patheon, our U.S.-based Xyrem supplier, to procure the sodium oxybate from Siegfried to manufacture and supply us with Xyrem. Because the DEA typically grants quotas on an annual basis, Siegfried and Patheon are required to request and justify allocation of sufficient annual DEA quotas, as well as any additional DEA quotas necessary if our commercial or clinical requirements exceed the allocated quotas throughout the year. For the last few years, our suppliers were allocated only a portion of the published annual aggregate quota for the API. If one or more ANDA filers were to begin manufacturing a generic sodium oxybate product, generic manufacturers would need to obtain a portion of the annual aggregate API quota, which could decrease the DEA quota allocation obtained on our behalf by Siegfried and Patheon. In the past, we have had to engage in lengthy efforts to obtain the needed quotas after the original annual quotas had first been allocated. If, in the future, we and our third party suppliers cannot obtain the quotas that are needed on a timely basis, or at all, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Erwinaze is licensed from, and manufactured for us by, a single source, PBL, a company that is wholly owned by the UK Department of Health and Social Care. The FDA’s approval of the BLA for Erwinaze includes a number of post-marketing commitments related to the manufacture of Erwinaze by PBL. We cannot predict if or when PBL will comply with its manufacturing-related post-marketing commitments that are part of the BLA approval. In Ja