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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

 
FORM 10-Q
 
(Mark One)
ý
Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018
or
¨
Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from              to             
Commission File Number: 001-33500
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) 
Ireland
98-1032470
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
Fifth Floor, Waterloo Exchange,
Waterloo Road, Dublin 4, Ireland
011-353-1-634-7800
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)
 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ý    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ý    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
ý
 
Accelerated filer
¨
 
 
 
 
 
Non-accelerated filer
¨
 
Smaller reporting company
¨
 
 
 
 
 
Emerging growth company
¨
 
 
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ¨ No ý
As of October 31, 2018, 60,321,590 ordinary shares of the registrant, nominal value $0.0001 per share, were outstanding.

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JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PLC
QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018

INDEX
 
 
 
Page
 
 
 
 
Item 1.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 2.
 
 
 
Item 3.
 
 
 
Item 4.
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 1.
 
 
 
Item 1A.
 
 
 
Item 2.
 
 
 
Item 6.
 
 
 

We own or have rights to various copyrights, trademarks and trade names used in our business in the U.S. and/or other countries, including the following: Jazz Pharmaceuticals®, Xyrem® (sodium oxybate) oral solution, Erwinaze® (asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi), Erwinase®, Defitelio® (defibrotide sodium), Defitelio® (defibrotide), CombiPlex®, Vyxeos® (daunorubicin and cytarabine) liposome for injection and Vyxeos® 44 mg/100 mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion. This report also includes trademarks, service marks and trade names of other companies. Trademarks, service marks and trade names appearing in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are the property of their respective owners.



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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
Item 1.
Financial Statements
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PLC
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
 
September 30,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
ASSETS
 
 
 
Current assets:
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
499,018

 
$
386,035

Investments
565,000

 
215,000

Accounts receivable, net of allowances
279,437

 
224,129

Inventories
43,435

 
43,245

Prepaid expenses
23,189

 
23,182

Other current assets
54,310

 
76,686

Total current assets
1,464,389

 
968,277

Property, plant and equipment, net
198,053

 
170,080

Intangible assets, net
2,787,281

 
2,979,127

Goodwill
932,422

 
947,537

Deferred tax assets, net
37,582

 
34,559

Deferred financing costs
10,058

 
7,673

Other non-current assets
56,003

 
16,419

Total assets
$
5,485,788

 
$
5,123,672

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
 
 
 
Current liabilities:
 
 
 
Accounts payable
$
37,373

 
$
24,368

Accrued liabilities
257,453

 
198,779

Current portion of long-term debt
33,387

 
40,605

Income taxes payable
7,139

 
21,577

Deferred revenue
5,935

 
8,618

Total current liabilities
341,287

 
293,947

Deferred revenue, non-current
10,934

 
16,115

Long-term debt, less current portion
1,560,582

 
1,540,433

Deferred tax liabilities, net
337,021

 
383,472

Other non-current liabilities
208,647

 
176,608

Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)

 


Shareholders’ equity:
 
 
 
Ordinary shares
6

 
6

Non-voting euro deferred shares
55

 
55

Capital redemption reserve
472

 
472

Additional paid-in capital
2,078,032

 
1,935,486

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(179,466
)
 
(140,878
)
Retained earnings
1,128,218

 
917,956

Total shareholders’ equity
3,027,317

 
2,713,097

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
$
5,485,788

 
$
5,123,672




The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PLC
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
 
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product sales, net
$
465,197

 
$
407,971

 
$
1,402,139

 
$
1,171,304

Royalties and contract revenues
4,176

 
3,884

 
12,326

 
10,990

Total revenues
469,373

 
411,855

 
1,414,465

 
1,182,294

Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 

 
 
Cost of product sales (excluding amortization of intangible assets)
26,574

 
31,203

 
95,207

 
84,940

Selling, general and administrative
155,873

 
124,523

 
521,665

 
401,106

Research and development
51,160

 
47,362

 
169,959

 
132,447

Intangible asset amortization
46,989

 
47,313

 
154,955

 
99,164

Impairment charges
—

 
—

 
42,896

 
—

Acquired in-process research and development
—

 
75,000

 
—

 
77,000

Total operating expenses
280,596

 
325,401

 
984,682

 
794,657

Income from operations
188,777

 
86,454

 
429,783

 
387,637

Interest expense, net
(18,920
)
 
(19,192
)
 
(59,171
)
 
(56,330
)
Foreign exchange loss
(756
)
 
(2,224
)
 
(5,181
)
 
(9,115
)
Loss on extinguishment and modification of debt
—

 
—

 
(1,425
)
 
—

Income before income tax provision and equity in loss of investees
169,101

 
65,038

 
364,006

 
322,192

Income tax provision
19,348

 
1,239

 
75,018

 
65,914

Equity in loss of investees
437

 
273

 
1,360

 
637

Net income
$
149,316

 
$
63,526

 
$
287,628

 
$
255,641

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income per ordinary share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
2.47

 
$
1.06

 
$
4.78

 
$
4.26

Diluted
$
2.41

 
$
1.03

 
$
4.68

 
$
4.17

Weighted-average ordinary shares used in per share calculations - basic
60,476

 
60,108

 
60,196

 
60,030

Weighted-average ordinary shares used in per share calculations - diluted
61,857

 
61,436

 
61,493

 
61,360










The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PLC
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
 
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Net income
$
149,316

 
$
63,526

 
$
287,628

 
$
255,641

Other comprehensive income (loss):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation adjustments
(11,984
)
 
50,870

 
(43,945
)
 
159,302

Unrealized gain (loss) on hedging activities, net of tax expense (benefit) of $107, $56, $758 and ($137), respectively
746

 
392

 
5,304

 
(956
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
(11,238
)
 
51,262

 
(38,641
)
 
158,346

Total comprehensive income
$
138,078

 
$
114,788

 
$
248,987

 
$
413,987
























The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PLC
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited) 
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
Operating activities
 
 
 
Net income
$
287,628

 
$
255,641

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Intangible asset amortization
154,955

 
99,164

Share-based compensation
75,718

 
79,579

Impairment charges
42,896

 
—

Depreciation
11,363

 
9,288

Acquired in-process research and development
—

 
77,000

Loss on disposal of assets
652

 
360

Deferred income taxes
(44,658
)
 
(53,359
)
Provision for losses on accounts receivable and inventory
4,734

 
1,825

Loss on extinguishment and modification of debt
1,425

 
—

Amortization of debt discount and deferred financing costs
32,669

 
19,234

Other non-cash transactions
6,970

 
14,480

Changes in assets and liabilities:

 

Accounts receivable
(55,518
)
 
(22,273
)
Inventories
(7,583
)
 
(7,132
)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
6,989

 
(10,590
)
Other long-term assets
(6,494
)
 
(1,825
)
Accounts payable
10,116

 
6,130

Accrued liabilities
65,074

 
(23,583
)
Income taxes payable
(13,999
)
 
8,495

Deferred revenue
(5,623
)
 
23,163

Other non-current liabilities
7,244

 
12,931

Net cash provided by operating activities
574,558

 
488,528

Investing activities
 
 
 
Proceeds from maturity of investments
565,000

 
150,000

Net proceeds from sale of assets
48,092

 
—

Acquired in-process research and development
—

 
(77,000
)
Purchases of property, plant and equipment
(15,221
)
 
(20,072
)
Acquisition of intangible assets
(111,100
)
 
—

Acquisition of investments
(915,000
)
 
(290,000
)
Net cash used in investing activities
(428,229
)
 
(237,072
)
Financing activities
 
 
 
Proceeds from employee equity incentive and purchase plans
84,056

 
22,793

Proceeds from tenant improvement allowance on build-to-suit lease
1,253

 
—

Net proceeds from issuance of debt
—

 
559,484

Repayments under revolving credit facility
—

 
(850,000
)
Payment of debt modification costs
(6,406
)
 
—

Payment of employee withholding taxes related to share-based awards
(17,192
)
 
(17,909
)
Repayments of long-term debt
(17,370
)
 
(27,070
)
Share repurchases
(77,015
)
 
(56,425
)
Net cash used in financing activities
(32,674
)
 
(369,127
)
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents
(672
)
 
4,323

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
112,983

 
(113,348
)
Cash and cash equivalents, at beginning of period
386,035

 
365,963

Cash and cash equivalents, at end of period
$
499,018

 
$
252,615



The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS PLC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)

1. The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc is an international biopharmaceutical company focused on improving patients’ lives by identifying, developing and commercializing meaningful products that address unmet medical needs.
We have a diverse portfolio of products and product candidates, with a focus in the areas of sleep and hematology/oncology. Our lead marketed products are:
•
Xyrem® (sodium oxybate) oral solution, the only product approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and marketed in the U.S. for the treatment of both cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy;
•
Erwinaze® (asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi), a treatment approved in the U.S. and in certain markets in Europe (where it is marketed as Erwinase®) for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who have developed hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase;
•
Defitelio® (defibrotide sodium), a product approved in the U.S. for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with hepatic veno-occlusive disease, or VOD, also known as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome with renal or pulmonary dysfunction following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or HSCT, and in Europe (where it is marketed as Defitelio® (defibrotide)) for the treatment of severe VOD in adults and children undergoing HSCT therapy; and
•
Vyxeos® (daunorubicin and cytarabine) liposome for injection, a product approved in the U.S. and in Europe (where it is marketed as Vyxeos® 44 mg/100 mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion) for the treatment of adults with newly-diagnosed therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes.
Our strategy is to create shareholder value by:
•
Growing sales of the existing products in our portfolio, including by identifying and investing in growth opportunities such as new treatment indications and new geographic markets;
•
Acquiring or licensing rights to clinically meaningful and differentiated products on the market or product candidates at various stages of development; and
•
Pursuing targeted development of post-discovery differentiated product candidates.
We apply a disciplined approach to allocating our resources between investments in our current commercial and development portfolio and acquisitions or in-licensing of new assets.
Throughout this report, unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references to “Jazz Pharmaceuticals,” “the registrant,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc and its consolidated subsidiaries. Throughout this report, all references to “ordinary shares” refer to Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc’s ordinary shares.
Basis of Presentation
These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared following the requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, for interim reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain footnotes and other financial information that are normally required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP, can be condensed or omitted. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with our annual consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
In the opinion of management, these condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual consolidated financial statements and include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for the fair presentation of our financial position and operating results. The results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2018, for any other interim period or for any future period.
Except for the revenue recognition accounting policy that was updated as a result of adopting Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, or ASU No. 2014-09, our significant accounting policies have

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not changed substantially from those previously described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
These condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc and our subsidiaries, and intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.
Our operating segment is reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker, or CODM. Our CODM has been identified as our chief executive officer. We have determined that we operate in one business segment, which is the identification, development and commercialization of meaningful pharmaceutical products that address unmet medical needs.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Adoption of New Accounting Standards
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued ASU No. 2014-09. The standard states that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve this, an entity will need to identify the contract with a customer; identify the separate performance obligations in the contract; determine the transaction price; allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligations in the contract; and recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies each performance obligation. We adopted ASU No. 2014-09 on January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis. The adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 did not have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position as the timing of revenue recognition for product sales, net, which is our primary revenue stream, did not change. Refer to Note 13, Revenues, for revenue-related disclosures.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments” which addresses how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory” which requires an entity to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity asset transfer, other than an intra-entity asset transfer of inventory, when the transfer occurs. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis and adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business” which provides clarification on the definition of a business and adds guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. In the second quarter of 2018, we entered into an asset purchase agreement, or APA, with TerSera Therapeutics LLC, or TerSera, whereby TerSera agreed to purchase substantially all of our assets related to the manufacture, marketing and sale of Prialt® (ziconotide) intrathecal infusion. We entered into an amendment to the APA, and the transaction closed on September 27, 2018. We determined that the disposal group did not constitute a business under the new guidance. Refer to Note 2, Disposition, for further information on the sale of our rights to Prialt.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities”, or ASU No. 2017-12. ASU No. 2017-12 amends and simplifies existing guidance in order to allow companies to more accurately present the economic effects of risk management activities in their financial statements.  ASU No. 2017-12 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We elected to early adopt this standard on January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

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The cumulative effect of the changes made to our consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2018 for the adoption of the above accounting standards was as follows (in thousands):
 
Balance at December 31, 2017
 
Transition Adjustments
 
Balance at January 1,
2018
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred tax assets, net
$
34,559

 
$
595

 
$
35,154

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred revenue
8,618

 
(1,120
)
 
7,498

Deferred revenue, non-current
16,115

 
(1,120
)
 
14,995

Deferred tax liabilities, net
383,472

 
3,133

 
386,605

Shareholders' Equity:
 
 
 
 
 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(140,878
)
 
53

 
(140,825
)
Retained earnings
917,956

 
(351
)
 
917,605

Revenue Recognition
Our revenue comprises product sales, net and royalty and contract revenues. Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Prior to recognizing revenue, we make estimates of the transaction price, including variable consideration that is subject to a constraint. Amounts of variable consideration are included in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.
Product Sales, Net
Product sales revenue is recognized when control has transferred to the customer, which occurs at a point in time, which is typically on delivery to the customer or, in the case of products that are subject to consignment agreements, when the customer removes product from our consigned inventory location for shipment directly to a patient.
Reserves for Variable Consideration
Revenues from sales of products are recorded at the net sales price, which includes estimates of variable consideration for which reserves are established and which relate to returns, specialty distributor fees, wholesaler fees, prompt payment discounts, government rebates, government chargebacks, coupon programs and rebates under managed care plans. Calculating certain of these reserves involves estimates and judgments and we determine their expected value based on sales or invoice data, contractual terms, historical utilization rates, new information regarding changes in these programs’ regulations and guidelines that would impact the amount of the actual rebates, our expectations regarding future utilization rates for these programs and channel inventory data. These reserves reflect our best estimates of the amount of consideration to which we are entitled based on the terms of the contract.  The amount of variable consideration that is included in the transaction price may be constrained, and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur in a future period.  We reassess our reserves for variable consideration at each reporting date. Historically, adjustments to estimates for these reserves have not been material.
Reserves for returns, specialty distributor fees, wholesaler fees, government rebates, coupon programs and rebates under managed care plans are included within current liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Reserves for government chargebacks and prompt payment discounts are shown as a reduction in accounts receivable.
Royalties and Contract Revenues
We enter into out-licensing agreements under which we license certain rights to our products or product candidates to third parties.  If a licensing arrangement includes multiple goods or services, we consider whether the license is distinct. If the license to our intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, we recognize revenue from non-refundable, upfront fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license.  If the license to our intellectual property is determined not to be distinct, it is combined with other goods or services into a combined performance obligation. We consider whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of

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measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue from non-refundable, upfront fees.  We evaluate the measure of progress each reporting date and, if necessary, adjust the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.
At the inception of each arrangement that includes development milestone payments, we evaluate whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimate the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method.  If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price.  Milestone payments that are not within our control or that of the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received.  The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, for which we recognize revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied.  At the end of each subsequent reporting period, we re-evaluate the probability of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjust our estimate of the overall transaction price.  
For arrangements that include sales-based royalties and milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties and sales-based milestones relate, we recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty or sales-based milestone has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).
Significant Risks and Uncertainties
Our financial results are significantly influenced by sales of Xyrem. Our ability to maintain or increase Xyrem product sales is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including, without limitation, the potential U.S. introduction of a generic version of Xyrem before the entry dates specified in our settlements with the abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, filers, or on terms that are different from those contemplated by the settlement agreements; the potential U.S. introduction of new products that compete with, or otherwise disrupt the market for, Xyrem in the treatment of cataplexy and/or excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy; changes to or uncertainties around regulatory restrictions, including, among other things, changes to our Xyrem risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS; any increase in pricing pressure from, changes in policies by, or restrictions on reimbursement imposed by, third party payors; changes in healthcare laws and policy, including changes in requirements for patient assistance programs, rebates, reimbursement and coverage by federal healthcare programs, and changes resulting from increased scrutiny on pharmaceutical pricing and REMS programs by government entities; operational disruptions at the Xyrem central pharmacy or any failure to comply with our REMS obligations to the satisfaction of the FDA; and continued acceptance of Xyrem by physicians and patients.
In addition to risks related specifically to Xyrem, we are subject to other challenges and risks specific to our business and our ability to execute on our strategy, as well as risks and uncertainties common to companies in the pharmaceutical industry with development and commercial operations, including, without limitation, risks and uncertainties associated with: effectively commercializing our other products and product candidates; pharmaceutical product development and the inherent uncertainty of clinical success; the regulatory approval process; the challenges of protecting and enhancing our intellectual property rights; our dependence on sole source suppliers for most of our products, including delays or problems in the supply or manufacture of our products and product candidates; competition; complying with applicable regulatory requirements; changes in healthcare laws and policy and related reforms; government investigations and other actions; obtaining and maintaining appropriate pricing and reimbursement for our products; business combination or product or product candidate acquisition transactions; and possible restrictions on our ability and flexibility to pursue certain future opportunities as a result of our substantial outstanding debt obligations.
Concentrations of Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents, investments and derivative contracts. Our investment policy permits investments in U.S. federal government and federal agency securities, corporate bonds or commercial paper issued by U.S. corporations, money market instruments, certain qualifying money market mutual funds, certain repurchase agreements, and tax-exempt obligations of U.S. states, agencies and municipalities and places restrictions on credit ratings, maturities, and concentration by type and issuer. We are exposed to credit risk in the event of a default by the financial institutions holding our cash, cash equivalents and investments to the extent recorded on the balance sheet.
We manage our foreign currency transaction risk and interest rate risk within specified guidelines through the use of derivatives. All of our derivative instruments are utilized for risk management purposes, and we do not use derivatives for speculative trading purposes. As of September 30, 2018, we had foreign exchange forward contracts with notional amounts totaling $210.1 million. As of September 30, 2018, the net liability fair value of outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts was $1.0 million. As of September 30, 2018, we had interest rate swap contracts with notional amounts totaling $300.0 million. These outstanding interest rate swap contracts had a fair value of $7.8 million as of September 30, 2018. The

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counterparties to these contracts are large multinational commercial banks, and we believe the risk of nonperformance is not significant.
We are also subject to credit risk from our accounts receivable related to our product sales. We monitor our exposure within accounts receivable and record a reserve against uncollectible accounts receivable as necessary. We extend credit to pharmaceutical wholesale distributors and specialty pharmaceutical distribution companies, primarily in the U.S., and to other international distributors and hospitals. Customer creditworthiness is monitored and collateral is not required. We monitor deteriorating economic conditions in certain European countries which may result in variability of the timing of cash receipts and an increase in the average length of time that it takes to collect accounts receivable outstanding. Historically, we have not experienced significant credit losses on our accounts receivable and as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, allowances on receivables were not material. As of September 30, 2018, two customers accounted for 91% of gross accounts receivable, including Express Scripts Specialty Distribution Services, Inc. and its affiliates, or Express Scripts, which accounted for 77% of gross accounts receivable, and McKesson Corporation and affiliates, or McKesson, which accounted for 14% of gross accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2017, two customers accounted for 86% of gross accounts receivable including Express Scripts, which accounted for 71% of gross accounts receivable, and McKesson, which accounted for 15% of gross accounts receivable.
We depend on single source suppliers for most of our products, product candidates and their active pharmaceutical ingredients, or APIs. With respect to Xyrem, the API is manufactured for us by a single source supplier and the finished product is manufactured both by us in our facility in Athlone, Ireland and by our U.S.-based Xyrem supplier.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract”, which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The standard is effective for us beginning January 1, 2020 and early adoption is permitted. The new guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment” which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment by eliminating Step 2 of the current goodwill impairment test.  Goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, limited to the carrying value of the goodwill. The standard is effective for us beginning January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted for any impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. The new guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)”, or ASU No. 2016-02. Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize a right-of-use asset, which represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term, and a corresponding lease liability, which represents the lessee’s obligation to make lease payments under a lease, measured on a discounted basis. ASU No. 2016-02 is effective beginning January 1, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. ASU No. 2016-02 must be adopted on a modified retrospective transition basis at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the consolidated financial statements or at the adoption date. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 will result in a significant increase in our consolidated balance sheet for right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.  While we are continuing to assess all potential impacts of the standard, we currently believe the most significant impact relates to our accounting for the lease agreements we entered into in January 2015 and September 2017 to lease office space located in Palo Alto, California in buildings constructed or to be constructed by the landlord, which are accounted for as build-to-suit arrangements under existing accounting standards, and the lease agreement we entered into in August 2016 for office space in Dublin, Ireland. The future minimum lease payments under these leases at September 30, 2018 were $208.6 million. Based on our initial evaluation of the impact of ASU No. 2016-02 on our build-to-suit facility leases, we expect to de-recognize existing build-to-suit assets and liabilities upon the adoption of ASU No. 2016-02. 

2. Disposition
On June 29, 2018, we entered into an APA with TerSera, pursuant to which TerSera agreed to purchase substantially all of our assets related to the manufacture, marketing and sale of Prialt, but excluding accounts receivable, and to assume certain related liabilities as set forth in the APA. We entered into an amendment to the APA, and the transaction closed, on September 27, 2018. The total sales price was $80.0 million, of which we received $50.0 million at closing, and, subject to certain conditions, we are entitled to receive $15.0 million payable on December 31, 2019 and $15.0 million payable on December 31, 2020, or earlier under certain circumstances.

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The related assets met the assets held for sale criteria and were reclassified to assets held for sale as of June 30, 2018. We adjusted the carrying value of the assets held for sale to fair value less costs to sell, which resulted in an impairment charge of $42.9 million in our condensed consolidated statements of income for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, primarily related to the carrying balances of intangible assets. Upon closing, we recognized a loss on disposal of $0.5 million within selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.
We determined that the disposal of these assets does not qualify for reporting as a discontinued operation since it does not represent a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on our operations and financial results.

3. Cash and Available-for-Sale Securities
Cash, cash equivalents and investments consisted of the following (in thousands): 
 
September 30, 2018
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Cash and
Cash
Equivalents
 
Investments
Cash
$
281,047

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
281,047

 
$
281,047

 
$
—

Time deposits
590,000

 
—

 
—

 
590,000

 
25,000

 
565,000

Money market funds
192,971

 
—

 
—

 
192,971

 
192,971

 
—

Totals
$
1,064,018

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,064,018

 
$
499,018

 
$
565,000

 
December 31, 2017
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Cash and Cash
Equivalents
 
Investments
Cash
$
225,235

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
225,235

 
$
225,235

 
$
—

Time deposits
235,000

 
—

 
—

 
235,000

 
20,000

 
215,000

Money market funds
140,800

 
—

 
—

 
140,800

 
140,800

 
—

Totals
$
601,035

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
601,035

 
$
386,035

 
$
215,000

Cash equivalents and investments are considered available-for-sale securities. We use the specific-identification method for calculating realized gains and losses on securities sold and include them in interest expense, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income. Our investment balances represent time deposits with original maturities of greater than three months and less than one year.


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4. Fair Value Measurement
The following table summarizes, by major security type, our available-for-sale securities and derivative contracts as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis and were categorized using the fair value hierarchy (in thousands): 
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Total
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Total
Estimated
Fair Value  
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Time deposits
$
—

 
$
590,000

 
$
590,000

 
$
—

 
$
235,000

 
$
235,000

Money market funds
192,971

 
—

 
192,971

 
140,800

 
—

 
140,800

Interest rate contracts
—

 
7,824

 
7,824

 
—

 
2,138

 
2,138

Foreign exchange forward contracts
—

 
261

 
261

 
—

 
15,495

 
15,495

Totals
$
192,971

 
$
598,085

 
$
791,056

 
$
140,800

 
$
252,633

 
$
393,433

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
392

 
$
392

Foreign exchange forward contracts
—

 
1,258

 
1,258

 
—

 
5,017

 
5,017

Totals
$
—

 
$
1,258

 
$
1,258

 
$
—

 
$
5,409

 
$
5,409

As of September 30, 2018, our available-for-sale securities included time deposits and money market funds, and their carrying values were approximately equal to their fair values. Time deposits were measured at fair value using Level 2 inputs and money market funds were measured using quoted prices in active markets, which represent Level 1 inputs. Level 2 inputs, obtained from various third party data providers, represent quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, or these inputs were derived from observable market data, or if not directly observable, were derived from or corroborated by other observable market data.
Our derivative assets and liabilities include interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives that are measured at fair value using observable market inputs such as forward rates, interest rates, our own credit risk as well as an evaluation of our counterparties’ credit risks. Based on these inputs, the derivative assets and liabilities are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
There were no transfers between the different levels of the fair value hierarchy in 2018 or in 2017.
As of September 30, 2018, the estimated fair values of our 1.875% exchangeable senior notes due 2021, or the 2021 Notes, and our 1.50% exchangeable senior notes due 2024, or the 2024 Notes, were approximately $619 million and $586 million, respectively. The fair values of the 2021 Notes and the 2024 Notes, which we refer to together as the Exchangeable Senior Notes, were estimated using quoted market prices obtained from brokers (Level 2). The estimated fair value of our borrowing under our term loan was approximately equal to its book value based on the borrowing rates currently available for variable rate loans (Level 2).

5. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
We are exposed to certain risks arising from operating internationally, including fluctuations in interest rates on our outstanding term loan borrowings and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates primarily related to the translation of euro-denominated net monetary liabilities, including intercompany balances, held by subsidiaries with a U.S. dollar functional currency. We manage these exposures within specified guidelines through the use of derivatives. All of our derivative instruments are utilized for risk management purposes, and we do not use derivatives for speculative trading purposes.
To achieve a desired mix of floating and fixed interest rates on our variable rate debt, we entered into interest rate swap agreements in March 2017 which are effective from March 3, 2017 until July 12, 2021. These agreements hedge contractual term loan interest rates. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the interest rate swap agreements had a notional amount of $300.0 million. As a result of these agreements, the interest rate on a portion of our term loan borrowings was fixed at 1.895%, plus the borrowing spread, until July 12, 2021.

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The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as and that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. The impact on accumulated other comprehensive loss and earnings from derivative instruments that qualified as cash flow hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
Interest Rate Contracts:
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Gain (loss) recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax
$
876

 
$
(59
)
 
$
5,285

 
$
(2,234
)
Loss (gain) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to interest expense, net of tax
(130
)
 
451

 
19

 
1,278

Assuming no change in LIBOR-based interest rates from market rates as of September 30, 2018, $1.9 million of gains recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss will be reclassified to earnings over the next 12 months.
We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts, with durations of up to 12 months, designed to limit the exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates related to the translation of certain non-U.S. dollar denominated liabilities, including intercompany balances. Hedge accounting is not applied to these derivative instruments as gains and losses on these hedge transactions are designed to offset gains and losses on underlying balance sheet exposures. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the notional amount of foreign exchange contracts where hedge accounting is not applied was $210.1 million and $98.7 million, respectively. The foreign exchange loss in our condensed consolidated statements of income included losses of $2.4 million and $10.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and gains of $8.0 million and $19.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, associated with foreign exchange contracts not designated as hedging instruments.
The cash flow effects of our derivative contracts for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are included within net cash provided by operating activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
The following tables summarize the fair value of outstanding derivatives (in thousands):
 
September 30, 2018
 
Asset Derivatives
 
Liability Derivatives
 
Balance Sheet Location
 
Fair Value
 
Balance Sheet Location
 
Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
Other current assets
 
$
2,150

 
Accrued liabilities
 
$
—

 
Other non-current assets
 
5,674

 
 
 
 
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange forward contracts
Other current assets
 
261

 
Accrued liabilities
 
1,258

Total fair value of derivative instruments
 
 
$
8,085

 
 
 
$
1,258

 
December 31, 2017
 
Asset Derivatives
 
Liability Derivatives
 
Balance Sheet Location
 
Fair Value
 
Balance Sheet Location
 
Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
Other non-current assets
 
$
2,138

 
Accrued liabilities
 
$
392

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange forward contracts
Other current assets
 
15,495

 
Accrued liabilities
 
5,017

Total fair value of derivative instruments
 
 
$
17,633

 
 
 
$
5,409


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Although we do not offset derivative assets and liabilities within our condensed consolidated balance sheets, our International Swap and Derivatives Association agreements provide for net settlement of transactions that are due to or from the same counterparty upon early termination of the agreement due to an event of default or other termination event. The following tables summarize the potential effect on our condensed consolidated balance sheets of offsetting our interest rate contracts and foreign exchange forward contracts subject to such provisions (in thousands):
 
September 30, 2018
 
Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets/ Liabilities
 
Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet
 
Net Amounts of Assets/ Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet
 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet
Description
 
 
 
Derivative Financial Instruments
 
Cash Collateral Received (Pledged)
 
Net Amount
Derivative assets
$
1,957

 
$
—

 
$
1,957

 
$
(457
)
 
$
—

 
$
1,500

Derivative liabilities
(457
)
 
—

 
(457
)
 
457

 
—

 
—

 
December 31, 2017
 
Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets/ Liabilities
 
Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet
 
Net Amounts of Assets/ Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet
 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet
Description
 
 
 
Derivative Financial Instruments
 
Cash Collateral Received (Pledged)
 
Net Amount
Derivative assets
$
1,639

 
$
—

 
$
1,639

 
$
(875
)
 
$
—

 
$
764

Derivative liabilities
(875
)
 
—

 
(875
)
 
875

 
—

 
—


6. Inventories
Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands): 
 
September 30,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
Raw materials
$
2,482

 
$
3,542

Work in process
24,456

 
15,692

Finished goods
16,497

 
24,011

Total inventories
$
43,435

 
$
43,245


7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The gross carrying amount of goodwill was as follows (in thousands):
Balance at December 31, 2017
$
947,537

Foreign exchange
(15,115
)
Balance at September 30, 2018
$
932,422


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The gross carrying amounts and net book values of our intangible assets were as follows (in thousands): 
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
Remaining
Weighted-
Average Useful
Life
(In years)
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net Book
Value
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net Book
Value
Acquired developed technologies
14.6

 
$
3,122,811

 
$
(590,198
)
 
$
2,532,613

 
$
3,392,832

 
$
(562,473
)
 
$
2,830,359

Priority review voucher

 
111,100

 
—

 
111,100

 
—

 
—

 
—

Manufacturing contracts
—

 
12,391

 
(12,391
)
 
—

 
12,824

 
(12,634
)
 
190

Trademarks
—

 
2,899

 
(2,899
)
 
—

 
2,910

 
(2,910
)
 
—

Total finite-lived intangible assets
 
 
3,249,201

 
(605,488
)
 
2,643,713

 
3,408,566

 
(578,017
)
 
2,830,549

Acquired IPR&D assets
 
 
143,568

 
—

 
143,568

 
148,578

 
—

 
148,578

Total intangible assets
 
 
$
3,392,769

 
$
(605,488
)
 
$
2,787,281

 
$
3,557,144

 
$
(578,017
)
 
$
2,979,127

The decrease in the gross carrying amount of intangible assets as of September 30, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 reflects the sale of the Prialt acquired developed technology asset to TerSera in September 2018 and the negative impact of foreign currency translation adjustments, which was due to the weakening of the euro against the U.S. dollar, partially offset by our purchase of a rare pediatric disease priority review voucher, or PRV, from Spark Therapeutics, Inc. As we may use the PRV to obtain priority review by the FDA for one of our future regulatory submissions or may sell or transfer the PRV to a third party, we capitalized the acquisition cost, including direct transaction costs, as a finite-lived intangible asset upon closing of the transaction in May 2018.
The assumptions and estimates used to determine future cash flows and remaining useful lives of our intangible and other long-lived assets are complex and subjective. They can be affected by various factors, including external factors, such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors such as changes in our business strategy and our forecasts for specific product lines.
Based on acquired developed technology intangible assets recorded as of September 30, 2018, and assuming the underlying assets will not be impaired and that we will not change the expected lives of the assets, future amortization expenses were estimated as follows (in thousands): 
Year Ending December 31,
Estimated
Amortization  
Expense
2018 (remainder)
$
46,802

2019
187,208

2020
185,969

2021
184,955

2022
184,246

Thereafter
1,743,433

Total
$
2,532,613



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8. Certain Balance Sheet Items
Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):
 
September 30,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
Build-to-suit facility
$
52,222

 
$
51,721

Land and buildings
46,815

 
46,729

Construction-in-progress
46,058

 
21,738

Leasehold improvements
32,623

 
28,779

Manufacturing equipment and machinery
25,573

 
23,586

Computer software
19,135

 
19,969

Computer equipment
14,059

 
12,814

Furniture and fixtures
8,059

 
5,947

Subtotal
244,544

 
211,283

Less accumulated depreciation and amortization
(46,491
)
 
(41,203
)
Property, plant and equipment, net
$
198,053

 
$
170,080

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
 
September 30,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
Rebates and other sales deductions
$
88,443

 
$
81,368

Estimated loss contingency
57,753

 
—

Employee compensation and benefits
49,845

 
54,930

Clinical trial accruals
8,387

 
2,181

Selling and marketing accruals
5,837

 
3,189

Inventory-related accruals
3,290

 
3,002

Royalties
3,293

 
8,058

Accrued interest
2,678

 
7,297

Sales returns reserve
2,473

 
3,651

Professional fees
2,368

 
3,213

Derivative instrument liabilities
1,258

 
5,409

Other
31,828

 
26,481

Total accrued liabilities
$
257,453

 
$
198,779



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9. Debt
The following table summarizes the carrying amount of our indebtedness (in thousands):
 
September 30,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
2021 Notes
$
575,000

 
$
575,000

Unamortized discount and debt issuance costs on 2021 Notes
(66,269
)
 
(81,627
)
2021 Notes, net
508,731

 
493,373

 
 
 
 
2024 Notes
575,000

 
575,000

Unamortized discount and debt issuance costs on 2024 Notes
(144,018
)
 
(158,680
)
2024 Notes, net
430,982

 
416,320

 
 
 
 
Term loan
654,256

 
671,345

Total debt
1,593,969

 
1,581,038

Less current portion
33,387

 
40,605

Total long-term debt
$
1,560,582

 
$
1,540,433

Amendment of Credit Facility
On June 18, 2015, Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc, as guarantor, and certain of our wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, entered into a credit agreement, or the 2015 credit agreement, that provided for a $750.0 million principal amount term loan, which was drawn in full at closing, and a $750.0 million revolving credit facility, of which $160.0 million was drawn at closing and subsequently repaid. We used the proceeds from initial borrowings under the 2015 credit agreement to repay in full the $893.1 million principal amount of term loans outstanding under the credit agreement that we entered into in June 2012, as subsequently amended, which we refer to as the previous credit agreement, and to pay related fees and expenses. The previous credit agreement was terminated upon repayment of the term loans outstanding thereunder.
On July 12, 2016, we amended the 2015 credit agreement to provide for a revolving credit facility of $1.25 billion and a $750.0 million term loan facility. We used the proceeds of $1.0 billion of loans under the revolving credit facility, together with cash on hand, to fund the acquisition of Celator Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Celator.
On June 7, 2018, we entered into a second amendment to the 2015 credit agreement to provide for a revolving credit facility of $1.6 billion, which replaced the existing revolving credit facility of $1.25 billion, and a new $667.7 million term loan facility, which replaced the $750.0 million term loan facility, of which $659.4 million principal amount was outstanding as of September 30, 2018. We refer to the 2015 credit agreement as amended by the first and second amendments as the amended credit agreement. We expect to use the proceeds from future loans under the revolving credit facility, if any, for permitted capital expenditures, permitted acquisitions, to provide for ongoing working capital requirements and for other general corporate purposes.
Under the amended credit agreement, the term loan matures on June 7, 2023 and the revolving credit facility terminates, and any loans outstanding thereunder become due and payable, on June 7, 2023.
Borrowings under the amended credit agreement bear interest, at our option, at a rate equal to either (a) the LIBOR rate, plus an applicable margin ranging from 1.375% to 1.750% per annum, based upon our secured leverage ratio, or (b) the prime lending rate, plus an applicable margin ranging from 0.375% to 0.750% per annum, based upon our secured leverage ratio. The revolving credit facility has a commitment fee payable on the undrawn amount ranging from 0.25% to 0.35% per annum based upon our secured leverage ratio.
Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc and certain of our wholly owned subsidiaries are borrowers under the amended credit agreement. The borrowers’ obligations under the amended credit agreement and any hedging or cash management obligations entered into with a lender are guaranteed on a senior secured basis by Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc and certain of our subsidiaries (including the issuer of the Exchangeable Senior Notes as described below) and are secured by substantially all of Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc’s, the borrowers’ and the guarantor subsidiaries’ assets.
We may make voluntary prepayments of principal at any time without payment of a premium. We are required to make mandatory prepayments of the term loan (without payment of a premium) with (1) net cash proceeds from certain non-ordinary

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course asset sales (subject to other exceptions), (2) net cash proceeds from issuances of debt (other than certain permitted debt), and (3) casualty proceeds and condemnation awards (subject to other exceptions).
Principal repayments of the term loan, which are due quarterly, are equal to 5.0% per annum of the principal amount outstanding on June 7, 2018 of $667.7 million, with any remaining balance payable on the maturity date.
The amended credit agreement contains financial covenants that require Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc and our restricted subsidiaries to not (a) exceed a maximum secured net leverage ratio or (b) fall below a cash interest coverage ratio. As of September 30, 2018, we were in compliance with these financial covenants.
Exchangeable Senior Notes
The Exchangeable Senior Notes were issued by Jazz Investments I Limited, or the Issuer, a 100%-owned finance subsidiary of Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc. The Exchangeable Senior Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Issuer and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc. No subsidiary of Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc guaranteed the Exchangeable Senior Notes. Subject to certain local law restrictions on payment of dividends, among other things, and potential negative tax consequences, we are not aware of any significant restrictions on the ability of Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc to obtain funds from the Issuer or Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc’s other subsidiaries by dividend or loan, or any legal or economic restrictions on the ability of the Issuer or Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc’s other subsidiaries to transfer funds to Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances. There is no assurance that in the future such restrictions will not be adopted.
As of September 30, 2018, the carrying values of the equity component of the 2021 Notes and the 2024 Notes, net of equity issuance costs, were $126.9 million and $149.8 million, respectively.
Maturities
Scheduled maturities with respect to our long-term debt principal balances outstanding as of September 30, 2018 were as follows (in thousands):
Year Ending December 31,
Scheduled Long-Term Debt Maturities
2018 (remainder)
$
8,346

2019
33,387

2020
33,387

2021
608,387

2022
33,387

Thereafter
1,092,494

Total
$
1,809,388


10. Commitments and Contingencies
Indemnification
In the normal course of business, we enter into agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnification, including indemnification associated with product liability or infringement of intellectual property rights. Our exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves future claims that may be made but have not yet been made against us. To date, we have not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to these indemnification obligations.
We have agreed to indemnify our executive officers, directors and certain other employees for losses and costs incurred in connection with certain events or occurrences, including advancing money to cover certain costs, subject to certain limitations. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under the indemnification obligations is unlimited; however, we maintain insurance policies that may limit our exposure and may enable us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. Assuming the applicability of coverage, the willingness of the insurer to assume coverage, and subject to certain retention, loss limits and other policy provisions, we believe the fair value of these indemnification obligations is not significant. Accordingly, we did not recognize any liabilities relating to these obligations as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. No assurances can be given that the covering insurers will not attempt to dispute the validity, applicability,

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or amount of coverage without expensive litigation against these insurers, in which case we may incur substantial liabilities as a result of these indemnification obligations.
Lease and Other Commitments
Facility Leases. In January 2015, we entered into an agreement to lease office space located in Palo Alto, California in a building subsequently constructed by the landlord. The term of this lease is 12 years from the commencement date as defined in the lease agreement and we have an option to extend the term twice for a period of five years each. We are the deemed owner of the building based on applicable accounting guidance for build-to-suit leases. Accordingly, the landlord’s costs of constructing the building were capitalized on our condensed consolidated balance sheets offset by a corresponding financing obligation. We began to occupy this office space in October 2017. As of September 30, 2018, the total amount of the related financing obligation was $62.9 million, which is classified within current liabilities and non-current liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
In September 2017, we entered into an agreement to lease office space located in Palo Alto, California in a second building to be constructed by the same landlord. We expect to occupy this office space by the end of 2019. This lease has a term of 12 years from the commencement date as defined in the lease agreement and we have an option to extend the term of the lease twice for a period of 5 years each. We are the deemed owner of the building during the construction period based on applicable accounting guidance for build-to-suit leases. As of September 30, 2018, we recorded project construction costs of $43.7 million incurred by the landlord as construction-in-progress in property, plant and equipment, net and a corresponding financing obligation in other non-current liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We will increase the asset and financing obligation as additional building costs are incurred by the landlord during the construction period.
Operating Leases. We have noncancelable operating leases for our office buildings and we are obligated to make payments under noncancelable operating leases for automobiles used by our sales force.
Other Commitments. As of September 30, 2018, we had $54.7 million of noncancelable purchase commitments due within one year, primarily related to agreements with third party manufacturers.
Legal Proceedings
Xyrem ANDA Litigation and Settlements. In December 2012, we received a notice of Paragraph IV Patent Certification, or Paragraph IV Certification, from Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC, or Amneal, that it had submitted an ANDA to the FDA requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. In January 2013, we filed a lawsuit against Amneal in the federal district court of New Jersey, or District Court, alleging that our patents covering Xyrem are infringed or will be infringed by Amneal’s ANDA and seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Amneal from introducing a generic version of Xyrem that would infringe these patents. Additional patents covering Xyrem were issued after the date of the original lawsuit against Amneal, and lawsuits we brought against Amneal involving those patents were consolidated into a single case in the District Court.
In October 2018, we entered into a settlement agreement and related agreements resolving our patent infringement litigation against Amneal in the District Court, and the District Court subsequently approved an order dismissing the litigation. We previously settled lawsuits against the eight other companies that have sent us notices that they had filed ANDAs requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. As a result, the settlement with Amneal represents settlement of all outstanding patent infringement litigation related to Xyrem. It is possible that additional companies may file ANDAs seeking to market a generic version of Xyrem or submit new drug applications referencing Xyrem, which could lead to additional patent litigation or challenges with respect to Xyrem.
The settlements with the nine ANDA filers are described below.
In our settlement with the first filer, West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC), or West-Ward, we granted West-Ward the right to sell an authorized generic version of Xyrem, or AG Product, in the U.S. beginning on January 1, 2023, or earlier under certain circumstances, including circumstances related to the licensing or market entry of another generic sodium oxybate product, a final decision that all unexpired claims of the Xyrem patents are invalid and/or unenforceable, or a substantial reduction in Xyrem net sales over specified periods of time. West-Ward has an option to continue to sell the West-Ward AG Product for up to five years, and we are entitled to receive a meaningful royalty on net sales of the West-Ward AG Product, as well as payment for the supply of the West-Ward AG Product and reimbursement for a portion of the services costs associated with distribution of the West-Ward AG Product through the Xyrem REMS. We also granted West-Ward a license under the Xyrem patents to launch its own generic sodium oxybate product as early as six months after it has the right to sell the AG Product, but if it elects to sell its own generic sodium oxybate product, West-Ward will not be able to continue to sell the West-Ward AG Product.

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In our settlements with Amneal, Lupin Inc., or Lupin, and Par Pharmaceutical, Inc., or Par, we granted each of them the right to sell a limited volume of an AG Product in the U.S. beginning on July 1, 2023, or earlier under certain circumstances. Such circumstances include events related to acceleration of West-Ward’s AG Product launch date, the earlier launch of another party’s AG Product, the launch of another generic sodium oxybate product, or a final decision that all unexpired claims of the Xyrem patents are not infringed, or are invalid and/or unenforceable. The volume of each of Amneal’s, Lupin’s and Par’s AG Products is limited to an annual amount equal to a low single-digit percentage of Xyrem sales volume during the calendar year preceding the entry date of such party’s AG Product, and each party’s right to sell its AG Product ends on December 31, 2025. We also granted each of Amneal, Lupin and Par a license under the Xyrem patents to launch its own generic sodium oxybate product under its ANDA (assuming FDA approval of its ANDA is obtained or maintained) on or after December 31, 2025, or earlier under certain circumstances. Such circumstances include events related to launch of a generic sodium oxybate product by West-Ward or another company under its ANDA, or a final decision that all unexpired claims of the Xyrem patents are not infringed, or are invalid and/or unenforceable. If an acceleration event occurs, then each of Amneal, Par and Lupin will have the option to elect to market its AG Product until December 31, 2025, but such party will not be entitled to market its AG Product and its own generic sodium oxybate product simultaneously. We are entitled to receive a meaningful royalty on net sales of each of Amneal’s, Lupin’s and Par’s AG Products, as well as payment for the supply of each party’s AG Product and reimbursement for a portion of the services costs associated with distribution of each party’s AG Product through the Xyrem REMS.
In our settlements with each of the other five ANDA filers, we granted each a license under the Xyrem patents to launch its own generic sodium oxybate product under its ANDA (assuming FDA approval of its ANDA is obtained or maintained) on or after December 31, 2025, or earlier under certain circumstances. Such circumstances include the launch by West-Ward or another company of a generic sodium oxybate product. The specific terms of all of the settlement agreements are confidential.
Xyrem Post-Grant Patent Review Matters. In January 2015, certain of the ANDA filers filed petitions for inter partes review, or IPR, with respect to the validity of six of our seven patents associated with the Xyrem REMS, or REMS patents. The Patent Trial and Appeal Board, or PTAB, of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office instituted IPR trials with respect to certain of these petitions. In July 2016, the PTAB issued final decisions that the claims of the six REMS patents are unpatentable. In March 2017, the PTAB issued a final decision that three claims of a seventh REMS patent are unpatentable. On July 13, 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit upheld the July 2016 and March 2017 PTAB decisions on appeal, and as a result, we will not be able to enforce claims the PTAB found unpatentable. We cannot predict whether new parties will petition for post-grant patent review in the future, the outcome of any future IPR or other proceeding or the impact any IPR or other proceeding might have on any future ANDA or other patent litigation proceedings or other aspects of our Xyrem business.
From time to time we are involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe there is no litigation pending that could have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
Other Contingencies
In May and October 2016 and in February 2017, we received subpoenas from the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Massachusetts requesting documents related to our support of 501(c)(3) organizations that provide financial assistance to Medicare patients, and, for Xyrem, documents concerning the provision of financial assistance to Medicare patients. Other companies have disclosed similar subpoenas and continuing inquiries. We have a comprehensive program intended to ensure our compliance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements for pharmaceutical companies, including guidelines established by the Office of Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regarding patient assistance programs, and we have been cooperating with the government’s investigation. We have engaged in discussions with the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, about a possible resolution, and in April 2018, we reached an agreement in principle with the DOJ on a proposal for a civil settlement of potential claims by the DOJ in the amount of $57.0 million, subject to accrual of interest on the settlement amount from the date of the agreement in principle, negotiation of a definitive settlement agreement and other contingencies. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recorded $57.8 million related to this matter, including related interest, within accrued liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheet with the related expense included in selling, general and administrative expenses on our condensed consolidated statement of income. Material issues remain subject to further negotiation and approval by us and the DOJ before the proposed settlement can be finalized. We cannot provide assurances that our efforts to reach a final settlement with the DOJ will be successful or, if they are, the timing or final terms of any such settlement. Any such settlement is also likely to involve entry into a corporate integrity agreement, which would impose costs and burdens on the operation of our business. If we do not reach a final settlement, the outcome of this investigation could include an enforcement action against us. If the federal government were to file an enforcement action against us as a result of the investigation and could establish the elements of a violation of relevant laws, we could be subject to damages, fines and penalties, which could be substantial, along with other criminal, civil or administrative

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sanctions, and we would expect to incur significant costs in connection with such enforcement action, regardless of the outcome.

11. Shareholders’ Equity
The following tables present a reconciliation of our beginning and ending balances in shareholders’ equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands): 
 
Total Shareholders' Equity
Shareholders' equity at January 1, 2018
$
2,713,097

Effect of adoption of new accounting standards
(298
)
Issuance of ordinary shares in conjunction with employee equity incentive and purchase plans
84,056

Employee withholding taxes related to share-based awards
(17,192
)
Share-based compensation
75,682

Shares repurchased
(77,015
)
Other comprehensive loss
(38,641
)
Net income
287,628

Shareholders' equity at September 30, 2018
$
3,027,317

 
Total Shareholders' Equity
Shareholders' equity at January 1, 2017
$
1,877,339

Issuance of 2024 Notes
149,767

Issuance of ordinary shares in conjunction with employee equity incentive and purchase plans
22,793

Employee withholding taxes related to share-based awards
(17,909
)
Share-based compensation
79,745

Shares repurchased
(56,425
)
Other comprehensive income
158,346

Net income
255,641

Shareholders' equity at September 30, 2017
$
2,469,297

Share Repurchase Program
In November 2016, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we are authorized to repurchase a number of ordinary shares having an aggregate purchase price of up to $300 million, exclusive of any brokerage commissions. In the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we spent a total of $77.0 million to purchase 0.5 million of our ordinary shares under the share repurchase program at an average total purchase price, including commissions, of $154.03 per share. As of September 30, 2018, the remaining amount authorized under the share repurchase program was $105.7 million.
In November 2018, our board of directors increased the existing share repurchase program authorization by an aggregate purchase price of $320 million, exclusive of any brokerage commissions.


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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands): 
 
Net Unrealized
Gain From Hedging Activities
 
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Total
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss
Balance at December 31, 2017
$
1,482

 
$
(142,360
)
 
$
(140,878
)
Effect of adoption of ASU No. 2017-12
53

 
—

 
53

Balance at January 1, 2018
1,535

 
(142,360
)
 
(140,825
)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
5,285

 
(43,945
)
 
(38,660
)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss
19

 
—

 
19

Other comprehensive income (loss), net
5,304

 
(43,945
)
 
(38,641
)
Balance at September 30, 2018
$
6,839

 
$
(186,305
)
 
$
(179,466
)
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, other comprehensive loss reflects foreign currency translation adjustments, primarily due to the weakening of the euro against the U.S. dollar, and the net unrealized gain on derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges.

12. Net Income per Ordinary Share
Basic net income per ordinary share is based on the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding. Diluted net income per ordinary share is based on the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding and potentially dilutive ordinary shares outstanding.
Basic and diluted net income per ordinary share were computed as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts): 
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Numerator:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
$
149,316

 
$
63,526

 
$
287,628

 
$
255,641

Denominator:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted-average ordinary shares used in per share calculations - basic
60,476

 
60,108

 
60,196

 
60,030

Dilutive effect of employee equity incentive and purchase plans
1,381

 
1,328

 
1,297

 
1,330

Weighted-average ordinary shares used in per share calculations - diluted
61,857

 
61,436

 
61,493

 
61,360

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income per ordinary share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
2.47

 
$
1.06

 
$
4.78

 
$
4.26

Diluted
$
2.41

 
$
1.03

 
$
4.68

 
$
4.17

Potentially dilutive ordinary shares from our employee equity incentive and purchase plans and the Exchangeable Senior Notes are determined by applying the treasury stock method to the assumed exercise of share options, the assumed vesting of outstanding restricted stock units, or RSUs, the assumed issuance of ordinary shares under our employee stock purchase plan, or ESPP, and the assumed issuance of ordinary shares upon exchange of the Exchangeable Senior Notes. The potential issue of ordinary shares issuable upon exchange of the Exchangeable Senior Notes had no effect on diluted net income per ordinary share because the average price of our ordinary shares for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 did not exceed the effective exchange prices per ordinary share of the Exchangeable Senior Notes.

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The following table represents the weighted-average ordinary shares that were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per ordinary share for the periods presented because including them would have an anti-dilutive effect (in thousands): 
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Exchangeable Senior Notes
5,504

 
3,958

 
5,504

 
3,238

Options to purchase ordinary shares and RSUs
2,230

 
2,998

 
2,959

 
3,175

Ordinary shares under ESPP
14

 
16

 
16

 
9


13. Revenues
The following table presents a summary of total revenues (in thousands): 
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Xyrem
$
357,251

 
$
303,870

 
$
1,030,036

 
$
874,222

Erwinaze/Erwinase
41,134

 
49,173

 
150,474

 
149,585

Defitelio/defibrotide
36,177

 
31,213

 
111,736

 
97,351

Vyxeos
21,038

 
9,719

 
75,217

 
9,719

Prialt
5,792

 
7,930

 
20,839

 
21,303

Other
3,805

 
6,066

 
13,837

 
19,124

Product sales, net
465,197

 
407,971

 
1,402,139

 
1,171,304

Royalties and contract revenues
4,176

 
3,884

 
12,326

 
10,990

Total revenues
$
469,373

 
$
411,855

 
$
1,414,465

 
$
1,182,294

The following table presents a summary of total revenues attributed to geographic sources (in thousands): 
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
United States
$
429,729

 
$
372,846

 
$
1,290,775

 
$
1,068,716

Europe
30,816

 
30,297

 
94,165

 
89,027

All other
8,828

 
8,712

 
29,525

 
24,551

Total revenues
$
469,373

 
$
411,855

 
$
1,414,465

 
$
1,182,294

The following table presents a summary of the percentage of total revenues from customers that represented more than 10% of our total revenues: 
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Express Scripts
76
%
 
74
%
 
73
%
 
74
%
McKesson
15
%
 
14
%
 
18
%
 
14
%
Financing and payment
Our payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer but payment is generally required in a term ranging from 30 to 45 days.
Contract Liabilities - Deferred Revenue
The deferred revenue balance as of September 30, 2018 primarily related to deferred upfront fees received from Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., or Nippon Shinyaku, in connection with two license, development and commercialization agreements granting Nippon Shinyaku exclusive rights to develop and commercialize each of Defitelio and Vyxeos in Japan. We recognized contract revenues of $1.9 million and $5.6 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018,

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respectively, relating to these upfront payments. The deferred revenue balances are being recognized over an average of four years representing the period we expect to perform our research and developments obligations under each agreement.
The following table presents a reconciliation of our beginning and ending balances in contract liabilities from contracts with customers for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (in thousands): 
 
Contract Liabilities
Balance as of December 31, 2017
$
24,733

Effect of adoption of ASU 2014-09
(2,240
)
Amount recognized within royalties and contract revenues
(5,624
)
Balance as of September 30, 2018
$
16,869



14. Share-Based Compensation
Share-based compensation expense related to share options, RSUs and grants under our ESPP was as follows (in thousands): 
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Selling, general and administrative
$
18,978

 
$
20,903

 
$
57,012

 
$
61,582

Research and development
4,600

 
4,650

 
13,684

 
13,651

Cost of product sales
1,525

 
1,573

 
5,022

 
4,346

Total share-based compensation expense, pre-tax
25,103

 
27,126

 
75,718

 
79,579

Income tax benefit from share-based compensation expense
(3,552
)
 
(6,354
)
 
(12,066
)
 
(23,816
)
Total share-based compensation expense, net of tax
$
21,551

 
$
20,772

 
$
63,652

 
$
55,763

Share Options
The table below shows the number of shares underlying options granted to purchase our ordinary shares, the weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the resulting weighted-average grant date fair value of share options granted: 
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Shares underlying options granted (in thousands)
117

 
87

 
1,349

 
1,343

Grant date fair value
$
53.93

 
$
45.87

 
$
46.95

 
$
42.69

Black-Scholes option pricing model assumption information:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Volatility
32
%
 
35
%
 
35
%
 
35
%
Expected term (years)
4.5

 
4.3

 
4.5

 
4.3

Range of risk-free rates
2.7-2.8%

 
1.6-1.8%

 
2.2-2.8%

 
1.6-1.8%

Expected dividend yield
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%

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Restricted Stock Units
The table below shows the number of RSUs granted covering an equal number of our ordinary shares and the weighted-average grant date fair value of RSUs granted:
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
RSUs granted (in thousands)
71

 
35

 
564

 
537

Grant date fair value
$
174.73

 
$
148.60

 
$
145.59

 
$
137.23

The fair value of RSUs is determined on the date of grant based on the market price of our ordinary shares on that date. The fair value of RSUs is expensed ratably over the vesting period, generally over four years.
As of September 30, 2018, compensation cost not yet recognized related to unvested share options and RSUs was $82.8 million and $102.7 million, respectively, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years and 2.6 years, respectively.

15. Income Taxes
Our income tax provision was $19.3 million and $75.0 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $1.2 million and $65.9 million for the same periods in 2017. The effective tax rates were 11.4% and 20.6% in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to 1.9% and 20.5% for the same periods in 2017. The increase in the effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 was primarily due to the release of a valuation allowance held against certain foreign net operating losses in 2017 and the impacts of movements on unrecognized tax benefits, partially offset by a decrease in the U.S. corporate income tax rate. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was in line with the same period in 2017. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was lower than the Irish statutory rate of 12.5% primarily due to the release of reserves related to unrecognized tax benefits upon the expiration of a statute of limitations. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was higher than the Irish statutory rate of 12.5% primarily due to income taxable at a rate higher than the Irish statutory rate, various expenses not deductible for income tax purposes and unrecognized tax benefits. We do not provide for Irish income taxes on undistributed earnings of our foreign operations that are intended to be indefinitely reinvested in our foreign subsidiaries.
Our net deferred tax liability primarily arose due to the acquisition of Celator. The balance is net of deferred tax assets which are comprised primarily of U.S. federal and state tax credits, U.S. federal and state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards and other temporary differences. We maintain a valuation allowance against certain foreign and U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. Each reporting period, we evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets by jurisdiction and adjust our estimates as more information becomes available.
We are required to recognize the financial statement effects of a tax position when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. As a result, we have recorded an unrecognized tax benefit for certain tax benefits which we judge may not be sustained upon examination. Our most significant tax jurisdictions are Ireland, the U.S. (both at the federal level and in various state jurisdictions), Italy and France. These jurisdictions have statutes of limitations ranging from three to five years. However, in the U.S. (at the federal level and in most states), carryforward tax attributes that were generated in 2013 and earlier may still be adjusted upon examination by the tax authorities. Certain of our subsidiaries are currently under examination by the French tax authorities for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016 and 2017. These examinations may lead to ordinary course adjustments or proposed adjustments to our taxes. In December 2015, we received proposed tax assessment notices, and, in October 2018, we received revised tax assessment notices from the French tax authorities for 2012 and 2013 relating to certain transfer pricing adjustments.  The notices provide for additional French tax of approximately $43 million, including interest and penalties through the date of the proposed assessment, translated at the foreign exchange rate at September 30, 2018. We disagree with the assessments and are contesting them vigorously.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recorded an income tax expense of $2.9 million as a provisional measurement period adjustment to the provisional estimates recorded as of December 31, 2017 in accordance with the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, or SAB 118. The provisional measurement period adjustment was due to additional analysis on the one-time transition tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. We will continue to analyze the impact of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 under SAB 118 and may record further adjustments to provisional amounts as our analyses are completed in the fourth quarter of 2018.

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Item 2.        Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. When reviewing the discussion below, you should keep in mind the substantial risks and uncertainties that could impact our business. In particular, we encourage you to review the risks and uncertainties described in “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in forward-looking statements contained in this report or implied by past results and trends. Forward-looking statements are statements that attempt to forecast or anticipate future developments in our business, financial condition or results of operations. See the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” that appears at the end of this discussion. These statements, like all statements in this report, speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (unless another date is indicated), and we undertake no obligation to update or revise these statements in light of future developments.
Overview
Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc is an international biopharmaceutical company focused on improving patients’ lives by identifying, developing and commercializing meaningful products that address unmet medical needs.
We have a diverse portfolio of products and product candidates, with a focus in the areas of sleep and hematology/oncology. Our lead marketed products are:
•
Xyrem® (sodium oxybate) oral solution, the only product approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and marketed in the U.S. for the treatment of both cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness, or EDS, in patients with narcolepsy;
•
Erwinaze® (asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi), a treatment approved in the U.S. and in certain markets in Europe (where it is marketed as Erwinase®) for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or ALL, who have developed hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase;
•
Defitelio® (defibrotide sodium), a product approved in the U.S. for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with hepatic veno-occlusive disease, or VOD, also known as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome with renal or pulmonary dysfunction following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or HSCT, and in Europe (where it is marketed as Defitelio® (defibrotide)) for the treatment of severe VOD in adults and children undergoing HSCT therapy; and
•
Vyxeos® (daunorubicin and cytarabine) liposome for injection, a product approved in the U.S. and in Europe (where it is marketed as Vyxeos® 44 mg/100 mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion) for the treatment of adults with newly-diagnosed therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia, or t-AML, or acute myeloid leukemia, or AML, with myelodysplasia-related changes, or AML-MRC. 
Our strategy is to create shareholder value by:
•
Growing sales of the existing products in our portfolio, including by identifying and investing in growth opportunities such as new treatment indications and new geographic markets;
•
Acquiring or licensing rights to clinically meaningful and differentiated products on the market or product candidates at various stages of development; and
•
Pursuing targeted development of post-discovery differentiated product candidates.
We apply a disciplined approach to allocating our resources between investments in our current commercial and development portfolio and acquisitions or in-licensing of new assets.
In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, our total net product sales increased by 14% and 20%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2017, primarily due to an increase in Xyrem net product sales and net product sales of Vyxeos, which launched in the U.S. in August 2017. We expect total net product sales to increase in 2018 over 2017, primarily due to expected growth in sales of Xyrem, Vyxeos and Defitelio. Our ability to increase net product sales is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties as set forth below and under “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. For additional information regarding our net product sales, see “—Results of Operations.”
Significant Developments Affecting Our Business
In August 2018, we announced that the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services granted approval for a New Technology Add-on Payment for Vyxeos for the treatment of adults with newly diagnosed t-AML or AML-MRC.

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In August 2018, we announced a five-year collaboration with The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center to evaluate potential treatment options for hematologic malignancies, with a near-term focus on Vyxeos.
In August 2018, the European Commission, or EC, granted marketing authorization for Vyxeos for the treatment of adults with newly-diagnosed t-AML or AML-MRC, and shortly thereafter, we commenced a rolling launch of Vyxeos in the European Union, or EU.
In September 2018, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., or Nippon Shinyaku, announced that Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, or Ministry, granted orphan drug designation to NS-73 (defibrotide sodium) for the treatment of VOD following HSCT, and, in October 2018, Nippon Shinyaku announced that it had filed a new drug application, or NDA, for NS-73 to the Ministry.
In September 2018, we sold substantially all of the assets held by us related to Prialt® (ziconotide) intrathecal infusion to TerSera Therapeutics LLC, or TerSera. The total sales price was $80.0 million, of which we received $50.0 million at closing, and, subject to certain conditions, we are entitled to receive $15.0 million payable on December 31, 2019 and $15.0 million payable on December 31, 2020, or earlier under certain circumstances.
On October 11, 2018, we entered into a settlement agreement and related agreements resolving our patent infringement litigation against Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC, or Amneal. We had filed patent lawsuits against Amneal after it sent us a notice that it had filed an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, requesting approval to market a generic version of Xyrem. We previously settled lawsuits against the eight other ANDA filers. As a result, the settlement with Amneal represents settlement of all outstanding patent infringement litigation related to Xyrem.
Under the settlement agreements with the nine ANDA filers, (i) we granted the first ANDA filer, West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC), or West-Ward, the right to sell an authorized generic version of Xyrem, or AG Product, in the U.S. beginning on January 1, 2023, or earlier under certain circumstances and a license to launch its own generic sodium oxybate product as early as six months after it has the right to sell the AG Product, unless it elects to continue to sell the AG Product, which it may do for up to a total of five years; (ii) we granted each of three of the other ANDA filers (including Amneal) the right to sell a limited volume of an AG Product in the U.S. beginning on July 1, 2023, or earlier under certain circumstances and a license to launch its own generic sodium oxybate product (assuming FDA approval of its ANDA is obtained or maintained) on or after December 31, 2025, or earlier under certain circumstances; and (iii) we granted each of the five other ANDA filers a license to launch its own generic sodium oxybate product (assuming FDA approval of its ANDA is obtained or maintained) on or after December 31, 2025, or earlier under certain circumstances. We are entitled to receive a meaningful royalty on net sales of each of the AG Products, as well as payment for the supply of each party’s AG Product and reimbursement for a portion of the services costs associated with distribution of each party’s AG Product through the Xyrem risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS. For a further description of these settlement agreements, see Note 10, Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Proceedings of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
On October 26, 2018, the FDA approved our supplemental NDA, or sNDA, to revise the labeling for Xyrem to include an indication to treat cataplexy or EDS in pediatric narcolepsy patients ages seven and older. On October 25, 2018, the FDA confirmed that pediatric exclusivity has also been granted. As a result, each of our patents covering Xyrem will have an additional six months added to its expiration date. This six-month addition will also apply to any existing patent that covers a future oxybate product. The patent term additions do not affect the entry dates specified in the settlement agreements we have entered into with the ANDA filers.
Continued Emphasis on Research and Development
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we continued our focus on research and development activities, which currently include clinical development of new product candidates, activities related to line extensions and new indications for existing products and the generation of additional clinical data for existing products, all in our sleep and hematology/oncology therapeutic areas.
A summary of our ongoing development activities is provided below:
Project
Disease Area
Status
Sleep
 
 
Solriamfetol (JZP-110)
EDS in obstructive sleep apnea, or OSA, and EDS in narcolepsy
NDA accepted for filing by FDA in first quarter of 2018 with a target action date under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, of December 20, 2018; preparing to submit a marketing authorization application to the European Medicines Agency in late 2018

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Project
Disease Area
Status
Solriamfetol (JZP-110)
EDS in Parkinson’s disease
Enrollment in Phase 2 trial completed in third quarter of 2018; top-line data expected early 2019
JZP-258 (oxybate; 90% sodium reduction)
EDS and cataplexy in narcolepsy
Expect top-line data in Phase 3 trial by second quarter of 2019
JZP-258
Idiopathic hypersomnia
Expect to commence patient enrollment in Phase 3 trial in fourth quarter of 2018
Oxybate once-nightly dosing
Narcolepsy
Program progressing; evaluation of several formulation options and technologies continues as part of once-nightly development
process
Hematology/Oncology
 
Vyxeos
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Preparing for Phase 2 trial with cooperative group with planned initiation in second quarter of 2019
Defibrotide
Prevention of VOD in high-risk patients following HSCT
First patient enrolled in Phase 3 trial in first quarter of 2017; interim analysis planned in 2019
Defibrotide
Prevention of acute Graft versus Host Disease following allogeneic HSCT
First patient enrolled in Phase 2 proof of concept trial in first quarter of 2018
Defibrotide
Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy
Pivotal Phase 2 trial planned for 2019
Asparaginase
ALL and other hematological malignancies
Activities related to development of improved products, including a recombinant crisantaspase
CombiPlex combinations
Oncology/hematological disorders
Pre-clinical evaluation of oncology therapeutic combinations
In addition, we have entered into a number of licensing and collaboration agreements, including with:
•
ImmunoGen, Inc., or ImmunoGen, for opt-in rights to license two early-stage, hematology-related antibody-drug conjugate, or ADC, product candidates, one of which has been granted orphan drug designation by the FDA, as well as an additional ADC product candidate;
•
Pfenex, Inc., or Pfenex, for rights to multiple early-stage hematology product candidates and an option to negotiate a license for a recombinant pegaspargase product candidate; and
•
XL-protein GmbH, or XLp, for rights to use XLp’s PASylation® technology to extend the plasma half-life of selected asparaginase product candidates.
For 2018 and beyond, we expect that our research and development expenses will continue to increase from historical levels, particularly as we prepare for anticipated regulatory submissions, initiate and undertake additional clinical trials and related development work and potentially acquire rights to additional product candidates. Our ability to continue to undertake our planned development activities, as well as the success of these activities, are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including the risk factors under the headings “Risks Related to Our Business” and “Risks Related to Our Industry” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Challenges, Risks and Trends Related to Our Lead Marketed Products and Product Candidates Submitted for Regulatory Approval
Xyrem. Xyrem is our largest selling product, and our financial results are significantly influenced by sales of Xyrem, which accounted for 77% and 73% of our net product sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and 74% of our net product sales for the year ended December 31, 2017. As a result, we continue to place a high priority on seeking to increase sales of Xyrem in its approved indications, while remaining focused on ensuring the safe and effective use of the product. We also focus on enhancing and enforcing our intellectual property rights related to Xyrem, and on product development efforts to develop product, service and safety improvements for patients.
Our future plans assume that sales of Xyrem will increase, but we cannot assure you that we can maintain sales of Xyrem at or near current levels, or that Xyrem sales will continue to grow. We have periodically increased the price of Xyrem, most recently in January 2018, and we cannot assure you that price adjustments we have taken or may take in the future will not negatively affect Xyrem sales volumes.

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Our ability to maintain or increase Xyrem product sales is subject to risks and uncertainties, including those discussed in “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including those related to:
•
the potential U.S. introduction of a generic version of Xyrem before the entry dates specified in our settlements with the ANDA filers, or on terms that are different from those contemplated by the settlement agreements, as further described below;
•
the potential U.S. introduction of new products that compete with, or otherwise disrupt the market for, Xyrem in the treatment of cataplexy and/or EDS in narcolepsy;
•
changes to or uncertainties around regulatory restrictions, including, among other things, changes to our Xyrem REMS, as further described below;
•
potential challenges to our intellectual property around Xyrem, including the possibility of new ANDA or NDA filers or new post-grant patent review proceedings;
•
any increase in pricing pressure from, changes in policies by, or restrictions on reimbursement imposed by, third party payors;
•
changes in healthcare laws and policy, including changes in requirements for patient assistance programs, rebates, reimbursement and coverage by federal healthcare programs, and changes resulting from increased scrutiny on pharmaceutical pricing and REMS programs by government entities;
•
operational disruptions at the Xyrem central pharmacy or any failure to comply with our REMS obligations to the satisfaction of the FDA;
•
any supply or manufacturing problems, including any problems with our sole source Xyrem active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, provider;
•
continued acceptance of Xyrem by physicians and patients, including as a result of negative publicity that surfaces from time to time;
•
changes to our label, including new safety warnings or changes to our boxed warning, that further restrict how we market and sell Xyrem; and
•
our U.S.-based API and Xyrem suppliers’ ability to obtain sufficient quotas from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, to satisfy our needs for Xyrem.
Although Xyrem is protected by patents covering its manufacture, formulation, distribution system and method of use, nine companies have sent us notices that they had filed ANDAs seeking approval to market a generic version of Xyrem, and we filed patent lawsuits against each of them, asserting that such generic products would violate our patents. As described above under the heading “—Significant Developments Affecting our Business,” we have settled all patent litigation against those nine ANDA filers. It is possible that other companies may in the future file ANDAs seeking to market a generic version of Xyrem or NDAs referencing Xyrem, which could lead to additional patent litigation or challenges with respect to Xyrem.
In July 2016, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, or PTAB, issued final decisions that the claims of six patents associated with the Xyrem REMS are unpatentable. In March 2017, the PTAB issued a final decision that three claims of a seventh Xyrem patent associated with the Xyrem REMS are unpatentable. In July 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit upheld the July 2016 and March 2017 PTAB decisions on appeal, and as a result, we will not be able to enforce claims the PTAB found unpatentable.
For a further description of the PTAB proceedings and the settlement agreements relating to Xyrem, see Note 10, Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Proceedings of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
The actual timing of the launch of an AG Product or generic sodium oxybate product is uncertain because the launch dates of the AG Products and generic sodium oxybate products under our ANDA litigation settlement agreements are subject to acceleration under certain circumstances, including as described above. For example, a company that has not settled ANDA litigation with us could obtain a final decision prior to January 1, 2023 that all unexpired claims of the Xyrem patents are invalid and/or unenforceable by prevailing against us in patent litigation or as a result of either an inter partes review, or IPR, challenge, which in turn could accelerate the launch dates for the AG Products and generic sodium oxybate products under our settlement agreements. Similarly, even in the absence of a final decision that all unexpired claims of the Xyrem patents are invalid and/or unenforceable, a company that has not settled ANDA litigation with us could obtain FDA approval for its generic sodium oxybate product and launch such product before the entry dates specified in our settlement agreements, if, for example, such company obtains a final determination that its product does not infringe our patents or if such company decides, before applicable patent litigation is concluded, to launch its product at risk of being held liable for damages for patent infringement.

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Such a launch could accelerate the launch dates for the AG Products and generic sodium oxybate products under our settlement agreements, depending on the circumstances. In addition, a substantial reduction in Xyrem net sales could lead to acceleration of the launch date for West-Ward’s AG Product, which in turn would accelerate the launch dates for the other settling ANDA filers’ AG Products and generic sodium oxybate products.
In addition, Xyrem could also be subject to potential future competition from other products. Companies could develop and launch sodium oxybate or other products that are similar, but not identical, to Xyrem, such as an alternative formulation or an alternative delivery technology. For example, Avadel Pharmaceuticals plc, or Avadel, is using its proprietary technology for delivery of a sodium oxybate formulation to eliminate second nighttime dosing for narcolepsy patients. Avadel has stated that it is conducting a Phase 3 pivotal trial pursuant to an FDA-approved special protocol assessment, and has indicated that it intends to seek approval of its product candidate using a Section 505(b)(2) NDA approval pathway referencing Xyrem. We are also aware of products being developed by others for use as treatment options in cataplexy and/or EDS in patients with narcolepsy that have different safety profiles and mechanisms of action than Xyrem, including pitolisant, a product to treat adult patients with narcolepsy with or without cataplexy that received marketing approval in Europe in 2016. While pitolisant is currently not approved by the FDA for marketing in the U.S., the company that has exclusive U.S. commercialization rights to pitolisant established an expanded access program for the product and announced that the product has received Breakthrough Therapy and Fast Track designations from the FDA and that it is preparing an NDA submission for the product. If any company successfully develops, obtains FDA approval of and launches a product that is approved in the U.S. for the treatment of narcolepsy patients, it could result in a substantial reduction of Xyrem sales, which could have the additional impact of potentially triggering acceleration of market entry of AG Products or other generic sodium oxybate products under our ANDA litigation settlement agreements, as described elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We expect that the launch of an AG Product or other generic version of Xyrem, or the approval and launch of other products that compete with Xyrem, could have a material adverse effect on our sales of Xyrem and on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
In February 2015, the FDA approved the Xyrem REMS, which requires, among other things, that Xyrem be distributed through a single pharmacy. In the FDA’s letter approving the February 2015 Xyrem REMS, the FDA stated that (i) the approval action should not be construed or understood as agreement with what the FDA stated was our position that dispensing through a single pharmacy is the only way to ensure that the benefits of Xyrem outweigh its risks, and that the FDA has continuing concerns that limiting the distribution of Xyrem to one pharmacy imposes burdens on patient access and the healthcare delivery system, and (ii) as with all REMS, the FDA intends to evaluate the Xyrem REMS on an ongoing basis and will require modifications as may be appropriate. In October 2018, in connection with the FDA’s approval of our sNDA to revise the labeling for Xyrem to include an indication to treat cataplexy or EDS in pediatric narcolepsy patients ages seven and older, the FDA modified the February 2015 Xyrem REMS to add provisions and material for pediatric patients and caregivers, but did not modify the current operation of the Xyrem REMS. We cannot predict whether the FDA will request, seek to require or ultimately require modifications to, or impose additional requirements on, the Xyrem REMS, including in connection with the submission of applications for new oxybate indications or products, or whether FDA will approve modifications to the Xyrem REMS that we consider warranted in connection with the submission of applications for new oxybate indications or products. Any such modifications approved, required or rejected by the FDA could make it more difficult or expensive for us to distribute Xyrem, make distribution easier for sodium oxybate competitors, impair the safety profile of Xyrem, disrupt continuity of care for Xyrem patients and/or negatively affect sales of Xyrem.
In January 2017, the FDA approved West-Ward’s ANDA and waived the shared REMS requirement, permitting West-Ward to use a separate REMS program from the Xyrem REMS, or the generic sodium oxybate REMS, for the generic sodium oxybate product, on the condition that the generic sodium oxybate REMS be open to all future sponsors of ANDAs or NDAs for sodium oxybate products. This could potentially include future sodium oxybate products approved under a Section 505(b)(2) approval pathway. We cannot predict whether a company marketing a sodium oxybate product approved under Section 505(b)(2) would be required or permitted to distribute its product through the generic sodium oxybate REMS or a separate REMS.
We were not involved in the development of the generic sodium oxybate REMS and were not consulted regarding any features of this REMS. A sodium oxybate distribution system that is less restrictive than the Xyrem REMS, such as the generic sodium oxybate REMS, which provides that generic sodium oxybate products could be distributed through multiple pharmacies, could increase the risks associated with sodium oxybate distribution. Any negative outcomes, including risks to the public, caused by or otherwise related to a separate sodium oxybate REMS, could have a significant negative impact in terms of product liability, public acceptance of Xyrem as a treatment for EDS and cataplexy in narcolepsy, and prescribers’ willingness to prescribe, and patients’ willingness to take, Xyrem, as patients, consumers and others may not differentiate generic sodium oxybate from Xyrem or differentiate between the different REMS programs, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our Xyrem business.

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We may face pressure to further modify the Xyrem REMS or to license or share intellectual property pertinent to the Xyrem REMS, including proprietary data required for the safe distribution of sodium oxybate, in connection with the FDA’s approval of the generic sodium oxybate REMS or otherwise. We continue to evaluate potential challenges based on the FDA’s waiver of the requirement for a single, shared system REMS in connection with the approvals of the ANDAs, including whether the FDA’s waiver decision meets the conditions for such a waiver under applicable law. We cannot predict whether or when we may pursue any such challenges or whether any such challenges would be successful.
For further discussion regarding the risks associated with Xyrem, see the risk factors under the headings “Risks Related to Xyrem and the Significant Impact of Xyrem Sales,” “We face substantial competition from other companies, including companies with greater resources, including larger sales organizations and more experience working with large and diverse product portfolios, than we have” and “Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Erwinaze/Erwinase. Sales of our second largest product, Erwinaze/Erwinase (which we refer to in this report as Erwinaze unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires), accounted for 9% and 11% of our net product sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and 12% for the year ended December 31, 2017. Erwinaze is licensed from and manufactured by a single source, Porton Biopharma Limited, or PBL, a company that is wholly owned by the UK Department of Health and Social Care. A significant challenge to maintaining and potentially increasing sales is the limited supply of Erwinaze, which has resulted, and continues to result, in supply disruptions, and our need for PBL to minimize or avoid additional supply disruptions due to capacity constraints, production delays, quality or regulatory challenges and other manufacturing difficulties. We have been experiencing, and continue to experience, supply disruptions globally and expect further supply disruptions throughout the fourth quarter of 2018 and during 2019.  These supply disruptions have adversely impacted our ability to generate our previously anticipated level of sales of and revenues from Erwinaze in 2018, and we expect that they will continue to adversely impact our ability to generate sales of and revenues from Erwinaze in 2019.
In January 2017, the FDA issued a warning letter to PBL indicating that it was not satisfied with PBL’s responses to the FDA Form 483 issued to PBL in March 2016 and citing significant violations of the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, for finished pharmaceuticals and significant deviations from cGMP for APIs. In March 2017, PBL filed a response to the warning letter with the FDA. In August 2018, the FDA conducted an inspection of the PBL manufacturing facility and issued an FDA Form 483 to PBL citing observations related to items referenced in the warning letter as well as other manufacturing practices, including data and records management. PBL continues to address the issues identified by the FDA in the warning letter and has submitted its response to the August 2018 Form 483. Following a site inspection of PBL by the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, or MHRA, in December 2017, MHRA issued an inspection report listing several major findings, including major deficiencies and failures by PBL to comply with cGMP. In January 2018, PBL filed a response to the report with the MHRA. We cannot predict if or when PBL will correct the violations and deviations to the satisfaction of the FDA and MHRA or whether the FDA and MHRA will be satisfied with PBL’s responses. Any failure by PBL to respond to the satisfaction of the FDA or MHRA could result in enforcement actions by the FDA or MHRA, including the FDA refusing admission of Erwinaze into the U.S. Any of these actions could have a material adverse effect on our sales of, and revenues from, Erwinaze and further limit our future maintenance and potential growth of the market for this product.
The current manufacturing capacity for Erwinaze is completely absorbed by demand for the product. As a consequence, there is no product inventory that can be used to absorb supply disruptions resulting from quality, manufacturing, regulatory or other issues. PBL has experienced and continues to experience product quality and manufacturing issues that have resulted, and continue to result, in disruptions in our ability to supply certain markets from time to time and have caused, and may in the future cause, us to implement batch-specific, modified product use instructions. We cannot predict whether the required remediation activities by PBL in connection with its January 2017 FDA warning letter, the December 2017 MHRA report or the August 2018 FDA Form 483 will further strain manufacturing capacity or otherwise adversely affect Erwinaze supply. As capacity constraints and supply disruptions continue, whether as a result of continued quality or manufacturing challenges at PBL, regulatory issues or otherwise, we will be unable to build product inventory, our ability to supply the market will continue to be compromised and physicians’ decisions to use Erwinaze will continue to be negatively impacted. If we continue to fail to obtain a sufficient supply of Erwinaze from PBL, our sales of and revenues from Erwinaze, our future maintenance and potential growth of the market for this product, our reputation and our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects would be further materially adversely affected.
In addition, our agreement with PBL, including our license, expires in December 2020, subject to five-year extensions unless terminated by either party in writing by December 31, 2018. The parties are in discussions regarding the agreement, but we cannot predict whether the term of the agreement will be extended or, if extended, the terms of any such extension. If the agreement is terminated and we do not enter into a new agreement with PBL, we will lose our license to sell Erwinaze in any market after December 2020, except under specified terms for a post-termination transition period. We cannot predict the

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extent to which potential uncertainty related to our ongoing rights to Erwinaze will impact our sales of and revenues from Erwinaze.
Our ability to successfully maintain sales of Erwinaze is subject to a number of other challenges, including the development of new asparaginase treatments or treatment protocols and potential competition from future biosimilar products. For further discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties associated with Erwinaze, see the risk factors set forth in “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Defitelio/defibrotide. Sales of Defitelio/defibrotide were 8% of our net product sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and for the year ended December 31, 2017. We seek to increase sales of Defitelio through selling and marketing activities. However, our ability to maintain and grow sales and to realize the anticipated benefits from our investment in Defitelio is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including continued acceptance by hospital pharmacy and therapeutics committees in the U.S., the continued availability of favorable pricing and adequate coverage and reimbursement, the limited experience of, and need to educate, physicians in recognizing, diagnosing and treating VOD, and the limited size of the population of VOD patients who are indicated for treatment with Defitelio. If sales of Defitelio do not reach the levels we expect, our anticipated revenue from the product will be negatively affected and our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially adversely affected.
For further discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties associated with Defitelio, see the risk factors set forth in “Risks Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Vyxeos. In August 2017, the FDA approved our NDA for Vyxeos for the treatment of adults with newly-diagnosed t‑AML or AML-MRC. We launched and began selling Vyxeos in the U.S. in August 2017, and our commercial launch in the U.S. is still at an early stage. Sales of Vyxeos were 5% of our net product sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2% of our net product sales for the year ended December 31, 2017. In August 2018, the EC granted marketing authorization for Vyxeos, and as part of our rolling launch of Vyxeos in the EU, we are in the process of making pricing and reimbursement submissions in EU member states.
Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from our investment in Vyxeos is subject to a number of additional risks and uncertainties, including potential delays or problems in the supply or manufacture of Vyxeos, acceptance by hospital pharmacy and therapeutics committees in the U.S., the EU and other countries, the availability of adequate coverage, pricing and reimbursement approvals and potential competition from existing products and products in development. Vyxeos is manufactured by Baxter Oncology GmbH, or Baxter, which is a sole source supplier from a single site location. There have been batch failures due to mechanical, component and other issues, and batches have been produced that have otherwise not been in compliance with applicable specifications. We are continuing to work with Baxter to address manufacturing complexities.  If we fail to obtain a sufficient supply of Vyxeos due to manufacturing or regulatory challenges, our sales of and revenues from Vyxeos, our future maintenance and potential growth of the market for this product, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially adversely affected. In any event, if sales of Vyxeos do not reach the levels we expect, our anticipated revenue from the product will be negatively affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. For further discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties associated with Vyxeos, see the risk factors set forth in “Risks Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q.
Solriamfetol. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we submitted an NDA to the FDA to seek approval for solriamfetol in the treatment of EDS associated with OSA and EDS associated with narcolepsy. In the first quarter of 2018, the FDA accepted the NDA for filing with a standard review and set a target action date under PDUFA of December 20, 2018. We cannot predict whether our NDA will be approved by the FDA in a timely manner, or at all. Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from an approved solriamfetol product and our investment in solriamfetol is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including, among other things, the outcome of DEA scheduling review, which will need to be completed after NDA approval, if any, but before commercial launch, market acceptance for an approved solriamfetol product, potential competition from other products in development and the availability of adequate pricing, coverage and reimbursement by government programs and third party payors. For further discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties associated with solriamfetol, see the risk factors set forth in “Risks Factors” Part II, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-Q.
Other Challenges and Risks
We anticipate that we will continue to face a number of other challenges and risks to our business and our ability to execute our strategy in 2018 and beyond. Some of these challenges and risks are specific to our business, and others are common to companies in the pharmaceutical industry with development and commercial operations.
Drug pricing by pharmaceutical companies is currently, and is expected to continue to be, under close scrutiny, including with respect to companies that have increased the price of products after acquiring those products from other companies.

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Several states have recently passed laws aimed at increasing transparency relating to drug pricing, and other states may do so in the future. Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate have conducted several hearings with respect to pharmaceutical drug pricing practices, including in connection with the investigation of specific price increases by several pharmaceutical companies. Moreover, REMS and the improper use of REMS as a means of improperly blocking or delaying competition for branded pharmaceutical products have increasingly drawn public scrutiny from Congress, the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, and the FDA. Congress, for example, has introduced proposed legislation aimed at preventing companies from using REMS and other restricted distribution programs as a means to deny potential competitors access to product samples needed for bioequivalence testing. The FDA has stated that it will seek to coordinate with the FTC in identifying and publicizing practices the FTC finds to be anticompetitive and has further stated that the FDA has concerns related to the role of REMS programs in delaying approval of generic products. For example, in May 2018, FDA published a list of companies that it said had potentially been blocking access to the samples of their branded products, including one of our subsidiaries that sells FazaClo through a REMS program. If we become the subject of any government investigation with respect to our drug pricing or other business practices, including as they relate to the Xyrem REMS, we could incur significant expense and could be distracted from operation of our business and execution of our strategy.
In May and October 2016 and in February 2017, we received subpoenas from the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Massachusetts requesting documents related to our support of 501(c)(3) organizations that provide financial assistance to Medicare patients and, for Xyrem, documents concerning the provision of financial assistance to Medicare patients. Other companies have disclosed similar subpoenas and continuing inquiries. We have a comprehensive program intended to ensure our compliance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements for pharmaceutical companies, including guidelines established by the Office of Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regarding patient assistance programs, and we have been cooperating with the government’s investigation. We have engaged in discussions with the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, about a possible resolution, and in April 2018, we reached an agreement in principle with the DOJ on a proposal for a civil settlement of potential claims by the DOJ in the amount of $57.0 million, subject to accrual of interest on the settlement amount from the date of the agreement in principle, negotiation of a definitive settlement agreement and other contingencies. We cannot provide assurances that our efforts to reach a final settlement with the DOJ will be successful or, if they are, the timing or final terms of any such settlement. Any such settlement is also likely to involve entry into a corporate integrity agreement, which would impose costs and burdens on the operation of our business. If we do not reach a final settlement, the outcome of this investigation could include an enforcement action against us. If the federal government were to file an enforcement action against us as a result of the investigation and could establish the elements of a violation of relevant laws, we could be subject to damages, fines and penalties, which could be substantial, along with other criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, and we would expect to incur significant costs in connection with such enforcement action, regardless of the outcome. For more information, see Note 10, Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Proceedings of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the risk factors under the headings “Changes in healthcare law and implementing regulations, including those based on recently enacted legislation, as well as changes in healthcare policy, may impact our business in ways that we cannot currently predict, and these changes could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition” and “We are subject to significant ongoing regulatory obligations and oversight, which may result in significant additional expense and limit our ability to commercialize our products” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Other key challenges and risks that we face include risks and uncertainties related to:
•
the challenges of protecting and enhancing our intellectual property rights;
•
the challenges of achieving and maintaining commercial success of our products;
•
delays or problems in the supply or manufacture of our products and product candidates, particularly with respect to certain products as to which we maintain limited inventories, our dependence on single source suppliers for most of our products, product candidates and APIs, and the requirement that we and our product suppliers be qualified by the FDA to manufacture product and comply with applicable manufacturing regulations;
•
the need to obtain and maintain appropriate pricing and reimbursement for our products in an increasingly challenging environment due to, among other things, the attention being paid to healthcare cost containment and pharmaceutical pricing in the U.S. and worldwide, including the need to obtain and maintain reimbursement for Xyrem in the U.S. in an environment in which we are subject to increasingly restrictive conditions for reimbursement required by government programs and third party payors;
•
our ability to identify and acquire, in-license or develop additional products or product candidates to grow our business;
•
the challenges of compliance with the requirements of the FDA, the DEA and comparable non-U.S. regulatory agencies, including with respect to product labeling, requirements for distribution, obtaining sufficient DEA quotas

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where needed, marketing and promotional activities, patient assistance programs, adverse event reporting and product recalls or withdrawals;
•
the difficulty and uncertainty of pharmaceutical product development, including the timing thereof, and the uncertainty of clinical success, such as the risk that results from preclinical studies and/or early clinical trials may not be predictive of results obtained in later and larger clinical trials planned or anticipated to be conducted for our product candidates;
•
the inherent uncertainty associated with the regulatory approval process, especially as we continue to increase investment in our product pipeline development projects and undertake multiple planned regulatory submissions for our product candidates;
•
the risks associated with business combination or product or product candidate acquisition transactions, such as the challenges inherent in the integration of acquired businesses with our historical business, the increase in geographic dispersion among our centers of operation and the risks that we may acquire unanticipated liabilities along with acquired businesses or otherwise fail to realize the anticipated benefits (commercial or otherwise) from such transactions; and
•
possible restrictions on our ability and flexibility to pursue certain future opportunities as a result of our substantial outstanding debt obligations.
Any of these risks and uncertainties could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. All of these risks are discussed in greater detail, along with other risks, in “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Results of Operations
The following table presents our revenues and expenses (in thousands, except percentages): 
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Increase/
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
Increase/
 
2018
 
2017
 
(Decrease)
 
2018
 
2017
 
(Decrease)
Product sales, net
$
465,197

 
$
407,971

 
14
 %
 
$
1,402,139

 
$
1,171,304

 
20
 %
Royalties and contract revenues
4,176

 
3,884

 
8
 %
 
12,326

 
10,990

 
12
 %
Cost of product sales (excluding amortization of intangible assets)
26,574

 
31,203

 
(15
)%
 
95,207

 
84,940

 
12
 %
Selling, general and administrative
155,873

 
124,523

 
25
 %
 
521,665

 
401,106

 
30
 %
Research and development
51,160

 
47,362

 
8
 %
 
169,959

 
132,447

 
28
 %
Intangible asset amortization
46,989

 
47,313

 
(1
)%
 
154,955

 
99,164

 
56
 %
Impairment charges
—

 
—

 
N/A(1)

 
42,896

 
—

 
N/A(1)

Acquired in-process research and development
—

 
75,000

 
N/A(1)

 
—

 
77,000

 
N/A(1)

Interest expense, net